Adventitious roots (Dennis Murengi)
Anticlinal wall - Tyler Parnall
Apical meristem
Casparian strip- Liz Foster
Cortex
Endodermis
Epidermis- Jessi.E.W
Exodermis - Jackie Taylor
Feeder roots - Amanda Miller
Fibrous root system - Kevin Christie
Frankia
Germination - Krista Neufeld
Ground meristems- Nicole L.
Hypocotyl
Imbibition - Tori Waites
Lateral meristem
Meristematic region-Danielle Dorink
Mucigel
Mycorrhizae-Danielle Dornik
Nitrogen fixation - Russ Fountain
Periclinal wall
Pericycle
Primary meristems
Primary phloem (Dennis Murengi)
Primary xylem - Tyler Parnall
Procambium
Promeristem - Morgan Traverse
Protoderm - Kirsten Jorgensen
Protophloem - Kristie S
Protoxylem - Stephanie Lauer
Radial wall
Radicle - Amanda Miller
Rays
Root hairs
Root nodules - Kevin Christie
Stele
Suberin
Tap root system
Transverse wall
Turgor pressure - Tori Waites
Vascular cambium

Definitions (in alphabetical order)
Adventitious roots (Dennis Murengi) - A root that grows from somewhere other than the primary root, for example, from stems or leaves. (www.en.mimi.hu) http://en.mimi.hu/gardening/adventitious_roots.html Most commonly, adventitious roots arise out of stems, originating via cell divisions of the stem cortex or less often from auxiliary buds hidden in the bark. In some plants plant leaves are encouraged to form adventitious roots. Examples include: adventitious roots of a palm and of an aquatic plant that has unattached roots in moving water. (www.botgard.ucla.edu)
http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/generalbotany/typesofroots/index.html

The image above shows adventitious roots growing from the stem of a plant. (www.lexic.us)
http://www.lexic.us/definition-of/adventitious_root
Casparian Strip: The casparian strip is a band of primary cell walls that contain suberin (which is a fatty substance) on the anticline walls of the endodermal cells that stop water and minerals from seeping in between the cells and therefore forces the water and minerals to enter the endodermal cells and therefore be filtered before it enters the vascular cylinder. The main component in the casparian strip, suberin is named after the cork oak, as suberin is also found in cork. The casparian strip is named after the 19th century German scientist that discovered it, Robert Caspary. http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/Bio%20102/Bio%20102%20lectures/Plant%20Structure/plant%20structure.htm (Clinton Community College), http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/C/casparian_strip.html (David Darling Encyclopedia), http://www.biochem.northwestern.edu/holmgren/Glossary/Definitions/Def-C/Casparian_strip.html (Northwestern)
Liz Foster
Enhancement- A band like region of primary wall containing suberin and lignin. It is found in anticlinal-radial and transverse-wall of the endodermal and the exodermal cells. Only angiosperms have casparian strips in the exodermis.-Danielle Dornik
(Biology of Plants, 7th edition, Peter H. Raven G-4)


Endodermis – endo meaning inner dermis meaning skin The endodermis is a thin layer of cells bounding the stele and separating it from the cortex. The cells, surrounds the central core of the vascular tissue, and which helps to regulate the flow of water and dissolved substances. The endodermis is one of the most important adaptations of terrestrial plants. (Encyclopaedia Britannica and Merriam-Webster)

www.apsnet.org www.botany.hawaii.edu/
Enhancement:
Cells in the endodermis are waterproof and fit together very tightly with no intercellular spaces. These features allow the endodermis to be a highly effective barrier between vascular tissue and other cells. (Plant anatomy laboratory: http://www.sbs.utexas.edu/mauseth/weblab/webchap3par/3.4-2.htm). Katherine Loewen
Exodermis: (Jackie Taylor) The outer layer, one or more cells in depth, of the cortex in some roots; these cells are characterized by Casparian strips within the radial and transverse walls. The exodermis is located just below the epidermis.It is developed from the outermost layer or layers of cells of the cortex. The majority of angiosperm roots also have an exodermis with a Casparian stripes. Following development of Casparian strips, a suberin lamella is deposited on all walls of the exodermis. The exodermis reduces water loss for the root to the soil and provides a defense against attack by microorganisms. Under stress the exodermis develops closer to the root tip.
Enhancement (Exodermis) Russ Fountain
Below is a picture of a Smilax (greenbrier) root. Note the distinctive endodermis. The outermost layer of the cortex is differentiated as an exodermis, similar in appearance and function to the endodermis.
(“Roots play a vital role in plants, which is to take up water and nutrients from the soil.” - http://www.northern.edu/ramsayj/etechWeb/roots.htm)

(Springer Link - http://www.springerlink.com/content/3rehrkkwy3k1g1b1/) (http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/week8/casparian.gif)
(Biology of Plants, 7th edition, Peter H. Raven, Glossary pg. G-9)

Feeder roots: Fine roots that activly take up water and minerals through root hairs, they are generally found within the top meter of soil. (The American Heritage Science Dictionary By Houghton Mifflin Company http://books.google.com/books?id=yKUagx8PB_EC&pg=PA544&lpg=PA544&dq=feeder+roots+dictionary&source=web&ots=KYqoT9BVK0&sig=mXMISi51qOMxEKcQhXwUFdJYsp8#PPA544,M1
Feeder roots have a symbiotic relationship with mycorrhizal fungi, the fungi are attached to these small feeder roots. (Encyclopedia Britannica Online http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9054526/mycorrhiza)
Amanda M
Enhacement: Liz Foster

Note the small white feeder roots. http://pubs.caes.uga.edu/.../B813-w.htg/B813-7b.jpg, (University of Georgia) Feeder Roots (enhancment): Feeder roots are responsible for the majority of absorbtion of nutrient of a tree. even though feeder roots are only 1/6 inches in diameter, they make up a large portion of a trees root system surface area. These smaller roots grow outward and predominantly upward from the large roots near the soil surface, where minerals, water and oxygen are relatively abundant. Under normal conditions the feeder roots die and are replaced on a regular basis. (http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/garden/02926.html) - VanessaV

Fibrous Root System: Root system in plants which no one root is more prominent than the others. Typically shallower than tap root system and the tenacity with which they cling to soil particle make such plants especially well suited as ground cover for the prevention of soil erosion. (Biology of Plants, 7th edition, Peter H. Raven, pg. 528 – 529)


Fibrous root system of a hydroponically grown plant.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Roots.JPG
Kevin Christie
Enhancement:
A fibrous root system (sometimes also called adventitious root system) is the opposite of a taproot system. It is usually formed by thin, moderately branching roots growing from the stem. A fibrous root system is universal in monocotyledonous plants and ferns, and is also common in dicotyledonous plants. Most trees begin life with a taproot, but after one to a few years change to a wide-spreading fibrous root system with mainly horizontal surface roots and only a few vertical, deep anchoring roots. Weeds have fibrous root systems, and that is why some are so hard to pull from the ground. Also, if extra roots remain in the soil, the weeds may grow back again.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrous_root_system
Krista Neufeld Enhancement: Grasses and other monocotyledons have a fibrous root system, characterized by a mass of roots of about equal diameter. This network of roots does not arise as branches of the primary root but consists of many branching roots that emerge from the base of the stem.(Britannica On-line)Amanda Last

Germination - This is the process whereby growth emerges from a period of dormancy. The most common example of germination is the sprouting of a seedling from a seed of an angiosperm or gymnosperm. Germination is the first stage of the making of the seedling. The seed of a higher plant is a small package produced in a flower or cone containing an embryo and stored food reserves. Under favorable conditions, the seed begins to germinate, and the embryonic tissues resume growth, developing towards a seedling. Below is an image of a sunflower seedling just 3 days after being planted. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Sunflower_seedlings.jpg
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germination)

Krista Neufeld