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Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Adaptive radiation
Alternation of generations
Anamalia
Authority
Biological species
Class
Cultivar
Derived heterotroph
Diploid
Division
Domain - Sarah Slater
Ecotype
Effective publication
Eukaryotic
Family
Fungi
Gametophyte Ryan T
Genetic isolation
Genus
Haploid
Hierarchical system
Hybrid
International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN)
Kingdom
Monotype
Morphological species - Jackie Taylor
Naturalized tree
Nomenclature
Order
Plantae - Kristie S
Priority rule
Prokaryotic
Protista - Krista Neufeld
Scientific name
Seed transfer guidelines - Andrea Chapman
Speciation
Species
Specific epithet- Kevin Christie
Sporophyte Ryan T
Subspecies
Taxon
Taxonomy
Type locality - Russ Fountain
Type specimen
Valid publication - Kirsten Jorgensen
Variety
DEFINITIONS
Please insert your definitions in alphabetical order
Adaptive radiation:The evolution from one kind of organism to several divergent forms, each specialized to fit a distinct and diverse way of life (Biology of Plants, Raven, pg. 208). Adaptive radiation typically occurs when a few organisms make their way to new, often distant areas or when environmental changes cause numerous extinctions, opening up ecological niches for the survivors (Biology, 7th Ed., Campbell Reece, pg. 480).
ex. White Spruce - Engelmen Spruce
~Quinn
Enhancement
Example: Fossil evidence indicates that mammals underwent a dramatic adaptive radiation after the mass extinctions of dinosaurs 65 million years ago. ( Biology, seventh edition, Campbell Reece, Pg 480)
This picture explains the adaptive radiation of pine cones and the adaptive radiation of the birds that eat the cones through Canada and USA ( www.uwyo.edu/benkman/Mosaic.jpg ) website, Dustie
Animalia: The kingdom Animalia is one of the 5 kingdoms and is composed of multicellular organisms with eukaryotic cells lacking cell walls, plastids, and photosynthetic pigments. Nutrition is primarily ingestive (heterotrophic). Organization and tissue differentiation is very advanced. (Raven, pg. 232) Most animals reproduce sexually, with the diploid stage usually dominating the life cycle. Contains the greatest diversity among living species. (Biology, 7th Ed., Campbell Reece, pg. 626-628) Amanda M.
(Enhancement): With a few exceptions, most notably the sponges (Phylum Porifera), animals have bodies differentiated into separate tissues. These include muscles, which are able to control locomotion by contracting, and nerve tissue, which sends and processes signals. There is also typically an internal digestive chamber, with one or two openings. (Knut Schmidt-Nielsen. Animal Physiology: Adaptation and Environment. (5th edition). Cambridge Univ. Press, 1997.)
Nearly all animals undergo some form of sexual reproduction. Adults are diploid or polyploid. They have a few specialized reproductive cells, which undergo meiosis to produce smaller motile spermatozoa or larger non-motile ova. These fuse to form zygotes, which develop into new individuals. Many animals are also capable of asexual reproduction. This may take place through parthenogenesis, where fertile eggs are produced without mating, or in some cases through fragmentation. (Klaus Nielsen. Animal Evolution: Interrelationships of the Living Phyla (2nd edition). Oxford Univ. Press, 2001.)
-Mark Dinicol
Alternation of Generations (R.Swite)
Alternation of Generations (R.Swite) A reproductive cycle in which a haploid (n) phase, the gametophyte, produce gametes, which after fusion in pairs to form a zygote, germinate, produce a diploid (2n) phase, the sporophyte. Spores produced by meiotic division, form the sporophyte give rise to new gametophytes, completing the cycle (Raven glossary)
During sexual reproduction two gametes, each of which is haploid, unite to form a single-celled zygote, which is diploid. As a consequence of the chromosome doubling that occurs during fertilization, at some point in the organism's reproductive cycle meiosis, or reductive cell division, must also occur to restore the haploid condition. In many organisms, including most animals, the zygote develops into a multicellular individual, and meiosis occurs during gamete production. In such organisms, gametes are the only haploid cells in the life cycle. In many algae and fungi, in contrast, the diploid zygote undergoes meiosis immediately to form haploid cells, called spores. Spores subsequently grow into multicellular haploid individuals. In both of these life cycles there is only one multicellular phase. In some algae and in all plants, however, there are actually two multicellular phases, one haploid and one diploid, which alternate with each other in the life cycle. http://www.bookrags.com/Alternation_of_generations.
Figure 1 Picture showing the alternation of generations
lifecycle form diploid stage to the haploid stage.
www.zo.utexas.edu/faculty/sjasper/images/29.6.gif (R.Swite)
Enhancement
Example: Fossil evidence indicates that mammals underwent a dramatic adaptive radiation after the mass extinctions of dinosaurs 65 million years ago. ( Biology, seventh edition, Campbell Reece, Pg 480)
This picture explains the adaptive radiation of pine cones and the adaptive radiation of the birds that eat the cones through Canada and USA ( www.uwyo.edu/benkman/Mosaic.jpg ) website, Dustie
Animalia: The kingdom Animalia is one of the 5 kingdoms and is composed of multicellular organisms with eukaryotic cells lacking cell walls, plastids, and photosynthetic pigments. Nutrition is primarily ingestive (heterotrophic). Organization and tissue differentiation is very advanced. (Raven, pg. 232) Most animals reproduce sexually, with the diploid stage usually dominating the life cycle. Contains the greatest diversity among living species. (Biology, 7th Ed., Campbell Reece, pg. 626-628) Amanda M.
(Enhancement): With a few exceptions, most notably the sponges (Phylum Porifera), animals have bodies differentiated into separate tissues. These include muscles, which are able to control locomotion by contracting, and nerve tissue, which sends and processes signals. There is also typically an internal digestive chamber, with one or two openings. (Knut Schmidt-Nielsen. Animal Physiology: Adaptation and Environment. (5th edition). Cambridge Univ. Press, 1997.)
Nearly all animals undergo some form of sexual reproduction. Adults are diploid or polyploid. They have a few specialized reproductive cells, which undergo meiosis to produce smaller motile spermatozoa or larger non-motile ova. These fuse to form zygotes, which develop into new individuals. Many animals are also capable of asexual reproduction. This may take place through parthenogenesis, where fertile eggs are produced without mating, or in some cases through fragmentation. (Klaus Nielsen. Animal Evolution: Interrelationships of the Living Phyla (2nd edition). Oxford Univ. Press, 2001.)
-Mark Dinicol
Alternation of Generations (R.Swite)
Alternation of Generations (R.Swite) A reproductive cycle in which a haploid (n) phase, the gametophyte, produce gametes, which after fusion in pairs to form a zygote, germinate, produce a diploid (2n) phase, the sporophyte. Spores produced by meiotic division, form the sporophyte give rise to new gametophytes, completing the cycle (Raven glossary)
During sexual reproduction two gametes, each of which is haploid, unite to form a single-celled zygote, which is diploid. As a consequence of the chromosome doubling that occurs during fertilization, at some point in the organism's reproductive cycle meiosis, or reductive cell division, must also occur to restore the haploid condition. In many organisms, including most animals, the zygote develops into a multicellular individual, and meiosis occurs during gamete production. In such organisms, gametes are the only haploid cells in the life cycle. In many algae and fungi, in contrast, the diploid zygote undergoes meiosis immediately to form haploid cells, called spores. Spores subsequently grow into multicellular haploid individuals. In both of these life cycles there is only one multicellular phase. In some algae and in all plants, however, there are actually two multicellular phases, one haploid and one diploid, which alternate with each other in the life cycle. http://www.bookrags.com/Alternation_of_generations.
Figure 1 Picture showing the alternation of generations
lifecycle form diploid stage to the haploid stage.
www.zo.utexas.edu/faculty/sjasper/images/29.6.gif (R.Swite)
Biological species: A species as a population or group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring, but are unable to produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other populations. (Biology, seventh edition, Campbell Reece, Pg 473) A species is a group of natural populations whose members can interbreed with one another but cannot interbreed with members of other such groups ( Biology of Plants, Raven Evert Eichhorn, Pg 207), Dustie
Enhancement The biological species concept defines a species as members of populations that actually or potentially interbreed in nature, not according to similarity of appearance. Although appearance is helpful in identifying species, it does not define species. ExampleWestern meadowlarks (Sturnella neglecta) and Eastern meadowlarks (Sturnella magna) look almost identical to one another, yet donot interbreed with each other—thus, they are separate species according to this defintion. Nicole L. http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/VA1BioSpeciesConcept.shtml)
Cultivar: A variety of plant found only under cultivation (Biology of Plants, 7th edition, Peter H. Raven, Glossary pg G-6). A cultivated variety of strain of a plant produced by horticultural techniques and not normally found in wild populations; a cultivar name is written after the Latin name, usually marked by single quotations (www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/comcom/kichammi/glossary.html). Matti
(Enhancement): A cultivar is a cultivated plant that has been selected and given a unique name because it has desirable characteristics (decorative or useful) that distinguish it from otherwise similar plants of the same species. When propagated it retains those characteristics.(http://www.hort.purddue.edu/hort/courses/HORT217/Nomenclature/description.htm).A cultivar can also be described as a particular variety of a plant species or hybrid that is being cultivated and/or is recognised as a cultivar under the ICNCP. Cultivars serve the practical needs of horticulture, agriculture, forestry, etc. (P. Gepts (2004)Who Owns Biodiversity, and How Should the Owners Be Compensated?. Plant Physiology)
-Mark Dincol
Derived Heterotroph: A derived heterotroph is an organism (in kingdon Plantea) that obtains its nutrients by feeding off another organism's nourishment. (Raven,E. and E. Biology of plants , glossary)These plants are refferd to as vascular parasites. An example of one of these plants is an Indian-pipe. The indian pipe,(Momotroap uniflora)(Brooklyn Botanical gardens(web)) which is a saprophyte obtains food from the roots of other plants via the fungal hyphae that are associated with the root system (Raven, E. and E. Biology of Plants) There are also vascular semi-parasites which are dependent to some level on a host, but can photosynthesise on their own. These are not true derived heterotrophs. (Brooklyn Botanical Gardens (web)) The name is self explanatory: Derived, meaning formed of developed from something else, and Heterotroph which is an organism that cannot manufacture its food on its own, and depends on organic substances as a food source.(Dictionary.com) By: Jake
References:
Dictionary.com (Http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/heterotroph)
Brooklyn Botanical Gardens (http://bbg/gar2/topics/botany/parts_grouping.html)
Enhancement to Derived Heterotroph (Caitlin Deas)
The Indian Pipe (Monotropa Uniflora) is a derived heterotrophy found in forests in the northern portion of North America. (Life Sciences at Brandeis) http://www.bio.brandeis.edu/fieldbio/Wildflowers_Site/IndianPipePage/Indianpipe_small0475.jpg
Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes, the 2n (diploid) chromosome number is characteristic of the sporophyte generation
(Biology of Plants, 7th edition, Peter H. Raven, Glossary pg. G-7). A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent (Biology, 7th edition, Campbell Reece, pg. 241). Matti
Enhancement: Diploid also can have two haploid nuclei in one cell (Dictionary of Natural Resource Management. p.91). Examples of diploid are zygotes (the fertilized egg cells of plant formed from fusion of male and female) of many fungi, sporophytes of symple type of eukaryotic plants, mosses, plants belonging to class and vascular plants(The concise oxford dictionary of botany. p.14,128, 235, 442). Tamiki N
Domain: (Sarah Slater) Highest and newest level of classification in the taxonomical system. Domain is one taxon above Kingdom. With new technology it is much easier to see the difference between organisms at a molecular level; therefore we are able to group them more appropriately than in the past. Every living organism will fall into one of three domains. The first two domains are Archaea and Bacteria, which have proven to be different under the microscope and live in different conditions, but they are also both single celled organisms that lack nuclei (prokaryotic). The third domain is Eukarya which includes all multi-cellular organism, these cells also contain nuclei (eukaryotic).
Biology of Plants. Raven, Evert, Eichhorn, pg. 228
University of California Museum of Paleontology <http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/archaea/archaea.html>
Ecotype: A locally adapted variant of an organism, differing genetically from other ecotypes (Biology of Plants, Raven, 205). A locally adapted population of a widespread species. Such populations show minor changes of morphology and/or physiology, which are related to habitat and are genetically induced. Nevertheless, they can still reproduce with other ecotypes of the same species (A dictionary of Zoology, online). -Tessa J
Enhancement: An example of an ecotype is the Lodgepole Pine (Pinus contorta) which has four varieties ranging from the Yukon down into the United States. Some of the varieties grow near sea level, and other varieties grow up in the mountains. Minimum temperatures range from 7° C (45° F) on the coast to -57° C up in the rocky mountains. As a result of this large difference in conditions, each ecotype has adapted differently.
James E. Lotan and William B. Critchfield, 2007 (http://www.na.fs.fed.us/pubs/silvics_manual/Volume_1/pinus/contorta.htm)
Jake
Effective publication refers to the method used to publish a botanical name, as necessary for it to take effect. According to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, the publication of a botanical name must be “by distribution of printed matter (through sale, exchange, or gift) to the general public or at least to botanical institutions with libraries accessible to botanists generally. It is not effected by communication of new names at a public meeting, by the placing of names in collections or gardens open to the public, by the issue of microfilm made from manuscripts, typescripts or other unpublished material, by publication online, or by dissemination of distributable electronic media.” Ex. 1. (A man named) Cusson announced his establishment of the genus Physospermum in a memoir read at the Société des Sciences de Montpellier in 1770, and later in 1782 or 1783 at the Société de Médecine de Paris, but its effective publication dates from 1787.(International Code of Botanical Nomenclature)
http://www.bgbm.org/iapt/nomenclature/code/saintlouis/0033Ch4Sec1a029.htm By Caitlin Deas
Eukaryotic: cells with nuclear envelopes, complex chromosomes, and organelles, such as mitochondria, surrounded by membranes
( Biology of Plants, Raven Evert Eichhorn, Pg 4) A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. (Biology, seventh edition, Campbell Reece, Pg 8),Dustie
Enhancment:
Eukaryotic cells have a full set of membrane bound organelles. These cells make up all of the organisms in the Domain Eukarya. The Domains Bacteria, and Archaea only include prokaryotic cells. (http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Domain)- Nick N Enhancement (Kristie Seaborn)
The eukaryotic cells of plants are quite different from the cells of the other eukaryotic kingdom's organisms. They include the chloroplast organelle, a large central vacuole, and cell walls (can be found in a few other kingdoms).
http://www.biocrawler.com/encyclopedia/Image:Plant_cell_structure.png.
Fungi: Fungi are nonmotile, primarily terrestrial eukaryotes, which gain nutrients by absorption. They have cell walls made up of chitin, and the majority of the kingdom are multicellular, but they can also be found in the unicellular form (Biology of Plants, Raven, 230). Fungi, the kingdom of heterotrophic, single-celled, multinucleated, or multicellular organisms, live as saprobes, parasites, or symbionts, and include yeast, molds and mushrooms (The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, online). An example of a multicellular fungi is a mushroom and an example of a unicellular fungi is yeast. -Tessa J
Enhancement: Most fungi are composed of hyphae, which are fungal filaments. The mass of fungal hyphae that composes a fungus is called a mycelium. Hyphae grow rapidly, and an individual can grow as much as a kilometer of new hyphae within a day! (Raven, pg. 262)
Amanda Miller
Enhancement (Kristie Seaborn)Fruiting body of the scarlet cup fungus, Sarcoscypha coccinea. Hundreds of millions of meiospores (ascospores) are discharged from this cup, usually in puffs that produce visible clouds of spores.
http://www.tolweb.org/Fungi
Gametophyte: In the gametophyte phase, male and female organs develop to produce eggs and sperm, which are haploid gametes, which contain half the number of chromosomes. These gametes then fuse in fertilization. The fertilized egg called a zygote develops into the sporophyte, producing numerous single-celled spores, which in turn develop directly into new gametes. ("Alternation of Generations," Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2007
http://encarta.msn.com © 1997-2007 Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.)
(Gametophyte. (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved October 18, 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9365205) Ryan T
Enhancement:In bryophytes, the gametophyte is nutritionally independent from the sporophyte generation, and usually larger (Biology of Plants, Raven, pg. 236). In all plant and algae species, the gametophyte is the sexual stage of their lifecycle (Encarta Online Encyclopedia).
Genetic Isolation: Genetic isolation is the foundation of the biological species concept, which defines a species by its ability to interbreed and produce viable offspring with members of the same group. Genetic isolation states that if members of differing species could interbreed they would no longer maintain the characteristics which define them as different organisms (Biology of Plants, 7th Edition, Peter H. Raven, pg 207). Genetic isolation may be a result of geographical isolation, where species are separated by environmental conditions that prevent interaction (http://www.answers.com/topic/genetic-isolation?cat=technology). -Tori Waites
Genus: A taxonomic category found between "family" and "species" and usually containing a group of species which have the same or similar characteristics according to taxonomic criteria (Dictionary.com). The genus is used either alone or with a Latin adjective or epithet which in turn form the species half, for example, humans (Homo sapiens) belong to the genus "Homo" and the species "sapiens (Glossary terms) Dictionary.com, October 22nd 2007, http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/genus)., Glossary terms, October 22nd 2007, http://lib.store.yahoo.net/lib/allergybegone/glossary.html) StephL
Haploid- a single set of chromosomes present in the egg and pollen cells of a plant. The gametophyte of plants is the haploid stage within the alteration of generations lifecycle. A haploid gametophyte produces gametes by mitosis, which will eventually combine with a gamete of a different plant to form a zygote, hence the end of the haploid stage.(http://www.bookrags.com/Alternation_of_generations)
Mike Tomlinson
Heirarchical System: This system refers to an organization of objects linked to objects beneath it in the shape of a pyramid. The system that we would commonly think of in this context of our wikki page would be the scientific Heirarchical grouping of life. Arranged into taxanomic groups starting from the broad Domain of life (3 catagories) down through the taxanomic groups of kingdom, phylum (division), class, order,genus,species, specific epithet. (Webopedia) At the bottom of the hierarchical pyramid there is an almost infinite number of species.
References:
Carl von Linne and the Linnean System of Nomenclature (http://kheper.net/evolution/systematics/linnean.htm)
Webopedia (http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/H/Hierarchical.html)
By: Jake
Enhancement The biological species concept defines a species as members of populations that actually or potentially interbreed in nature, not according to similarity of appearance. Although appearance is helpful in identifying species, it does not define species. ExampleWestern meadowlarks (Sturnella neglecta) and Eastern meadowlarks (Sturnella magna) look almost identical to one another, yet donot interbreed with each other—thus, they are separate species according to this defintion. Nicole L. http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/VA1BioSpeciesConcept.shtml)
Cultivar: A variety of plant found only under cultivation (Biology of Plants, 7th edition, Peter H. Raven, Glossary pg G-6). A cultivated variety of strain of a plant produced by horticultural techniques and not normally found in wild populations; a cultivar name is written after the Latin name, usually marked by single quotations (www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/comcom/kichammi/glossary.html). Matti
(Enhancement): A cultivar is a cultivated plant that has been selected and given a unique name because it has desirable characteristics (decorative or useful) that distinguish it from otherwise similar plants of the same species. When propagated it retains those characteristics.(http://www.hort.purddue.edu/hort/courses/HORT217/Nomenclature/description.htm).A cultivar can also be described as a particular variety of a plant species or hybrid that is being cultivated and/or is recognised as a cultivar under the ICNCP. Cultivars serve the practical needs of horticulture, agriculture, forestry, etc. (P. Gepts (2004)Who Owns Biodiversity, and How Should the Owners Be Compensated?. Plant Physiology)
-Mark Dincol
Derived Heterotroph: A derived heterotroph is an organism (in kingdon Plantea) that obtains its nutrients by feeding off another organism's nourishment. (Raven,E. and E. Biology of plants , glossary)These plants are refferd to as vascular parasites. An example of one of these plants is an Indian-pipe. The indian pipe,(Momotroap uniflora)(Brooklyn Botanical gardens(web)) which is a saprophyte obtains food from the roots of other plants via the fungal hyphae that are associated with the root system (Raven, E. and E. Biology of Plants) There are also vascular semi-parasites which are dependent to some level on a host, but can photosynthesise on their own. These are not true derived heterotrophs. (Brooklyn Botanical Gardens (web)) The name is self explanatory: Derived, meaning formed of developed from something else, and Heterotroph which is an organism that cannot manufacture its food on its own, and depends on organic substances as a food source.(Dictionary.com) By: Jake
References:
Dictionary.com (Http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/heterotroph)
Brooklyn Botanical Gardens (http://bbg/gar2/topics/botany/parts_grouping.html)
Enhancement to Derived Heterotroph (Caitlin Deas)
The Indian Pipe (Monotropa Uniflora) is a derived heterotrophy found in forests in the northern portion of North America. (Life Sciences at Brandeis) http://www.bio.brandeis.edu/fieldbio/Wildflowers_Site/IndianPipePage/Indianpipe_small0475.jpg
Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes, the 2n (diploid) chromosome number is characteristic of the sporophyte generation
(Biology of Plants, 7th edition, Peter H. Raven, Glossary pg. G-7). A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent (Biology, 7th edition, Campbell Reece, pg. 241). Matti
Enhancement: Diploid also can have two haploid nuclei in one cell (Dictionary of Natural Resource Management. p.91). Examples of diploid are zygotes (the fertilized egg cells of plant formed from fusion of male and female) of many fungi, sporophytes of symple type of eukaryotic plants, mosses, plants belonging to class and vascular plants(The concise oxford dictionary of botany. p.14,128, 235, 442). Tamiki N
Domain: (Sarah Slater) Highest and newest level of classification in the taxonomical system. Domain is one taxon above Kingdom. With new technology it is much easier to see the difference between organisms at a molecular level; therefore we are able to group them more appropriately than in the past. Every living organism will fall into one of three domains. The first two domains are Archaea and Bacteria, which have proven to be different under the microscope and live in different conditions, but they are also both single celled organisms that lack nuclei (prokaryotic). The third domain is Eukarya which includes all multi-cellular organism, these cells also contain nuclei (eukaryotic).
Biology of Plants. Raven, Evert, Eichhorn, pg. 228
University of California Museum of Paleontology <http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/archaea/archaea.html>
Ecotype: A locally adapted variant of an organism, differing genetically from other ecotypes (Biology of Plants, Raven, 205). A locally adapted population of a widespread species. Such populations show minor changes of morphology and/or physiology, which are related to habitat and are genetically induced. Nevertheless, they can still reproduce with other ecotypes of the same species (A dictionary of Zoology, online). -Tessa J
Enhancement: An example of an ecotype is the Lodgepole Pine (Pinus contorta) which has four varieties ranging from the Yukon down into the United States. Some of the varieties grow near sea level, and other varieties grow up in the mountains. Minimum temperatures range from 7° C (45° F) on the coast to -57° C up in the rocky mountains. As a result of this large difference in conditions, each ecotype has adapted differently.
James E. Lotan and William B. Critchfield, 2007 (http://www.na.fs.fed.us/pubs/silvics_manual/Volume_1/pinus/contorta.htm)
Jake
Effective publication refers to the method used to publish a botanical name, as necessary for it to take effect. According to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, the publication of a botanical name must be “by distribution of printed matter (through sale, exchange, or gift) to the general public or at least to botanical institutions with libraries accessible to botanists generally. It is not effected by communication of new names at a public meeting, by the placing of names in collections or gardens open to the public, by the issue of microfilm made from manuscripts, typescripts or other unpublished material, by publication online, or by dissemination of distributable electronic media.” Ex. 1. (A man named) Cusson announced his establishment of the genus Physospermum in a memoir read at the Société des Sciences de Montpellier in 1770, and later in 1782 or 1783 at the Société de Médecine de Paris, but its effective publication dates from 1787.(International Code of Botanical Nomenclature)
http://www.bgbm.org/iapt/nomenclature/code/saintlouis/0033Ch4Sec1a029.htm By Caitlin Deas
Eukaryotic: cells with nuclear envelopes, complex chromosomes, and organelles, such as mitochondria, surrounded by membranes
( Biology of Plants, Raven Evert Eichhorn, Pg 4) A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. (Biology, seventh edition, Campbell Reece, Pg 8),Dustie
Enhancment:
Eukaryotic cells have a full set of membrane bound organelles. These cells make up all of the organisms in the Domain Eukarya. The Domains Bacteria, and Archaea only include prokaryotic cells. (http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Domain)- Nick N Enhancement (Kristie Seaborn)
The eukaryotic cells of plants are quite different from the cells of the other eukaryotic kingdom's organisms. They include the chloroplast organelle, a large central vacuole, and cell walls (can be found in a few other kingdoms).
http://www.biocrawler.com/encyclopedia/Image:Plant_cell_structure.png.
Fungi: Fungi are nonmotile, primarily terrestrial eukaryotes, which gain nutrients by absorption. They have cell walls made up of chitin, and the majority of the kingdom are multicellular, but they can also be found in the unicellular form (Biology of Plants, Raven, 230). Fungi, the kingdom of heterotrophic, single-celled, multinucleated, or multicellular organisms, live as saprobes, parasites, or symbionts, and include yeast, molds and mushrooms (The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, online). An example of a multicellular fungi is a mushroom and an example of a unicellular fungi is yeast. -Tessa J
Enhancement: Most fungi are composed of hyphae, which are fungal filaments. The mass of fungal hyphae that composes a fungus is called a mycelium. Hyphae grow rapidly, and an individual can grow as much as a kilometer of new hyphae within a day! (Raven, pg. 262)
Amanda Miller
Enhancement (Kristie Seaborn)Fruiting body of the scarlet cup fungus, Sarcoscypha coccinea. Hundreds of millions of meiospores (ascospores) are discharged from this cup, usually in puffs that produce visible clouds of spores.
http://www.tolweb.org/Fungi
Gametophyte: In the gametophyte phase, male and female organs develop to produce eggs and sperm, which are haploid gametes, which contain half the number of chromosomes. These gametes then fuse in fertilization. The fertilized egg called a zygote develops into the sporophyte, producing numerous single-celled spores, which in turn develop directly into new gametes. ("Alternation of Generations," Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2007
http://encarta.msn.com © 1997-2007 Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.)
(Gametophyte. (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved October 18, 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9365205) Ryan T
Enhancement:In bryophytes, the gametophyte is nutritionally independent from the sporophyte generation, and usually larger (Biology of Plants, Raven, pg. 236). In all plant and algae species, the gametophyte is the sexual stage of their lifecycle (Encarta Online Encyclopedia).
Genetic Isolation: Genetic isolation is the foundation of the biological species concept, which defines a species by its ability to interbreed and produce viable offspring with members of the same group. Genetic isolation states that if members of differing species could interbreed they would no longer maintain the characteristics which define them as different organisms (Biology of Plants, 7th Edition, Peter H. Raven, pg 207). Genetic isolation may be a result of geographical isolation, where species are separated by environmental conditions that prevent interaction (http://www.answers.com/topic/genetic-isolation?cat=technology). -Tori Waites
Genus: A taxonomic category found between "family" and "species" and usually containing a group of species which have the same or similar characteristics according to taxonomic criteria (Dictionary.com). The genus is used either alone or with a Latin adjective or epithet which in turn form the species half, for example, humans (Homo sapiens) belong to the genus "Homo" and the species "sapiens (Glossary terms) Dictionary.com, October 22nd 2007, http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/genus)., Glossary terms, October 22nd 2007, http://lib.store.yahoo.net/lib/allergybegone/glossary.html) StephL
Haploid- a single set of chromosomes present in the egg and pollen cells of a plant. The gametophyte of plants is the haploid stage within the alteration of generations lifecycle. A haploid gametophyte produces gametes by mitosis, which will eventually combine with a gamete of a different plant to form a zygote, hence the end of the haploid stage.(http://www.bookrags.com/Alternation_of_generations)
Mike Tomlinson
Heirarchical System: This system refers to an organization of objects linked to objects beneath it in the shape of a pyramid. The system that we would commonly think of in this context of our wikki page would be the scientific Heirarchical grouping of life. Arranged into taxanomic groups starting from the broad Domain of life (3 catagories) down through the taxanomic groups of kingdom, phylum (division), class, order,genus,species, specific epithet. (Webopedia) At the bottom of the hierarchical pyramid there is an almost infinite number of species.
References:
Carl von Linne and the Linnean System of Nomenclature (http://kheper.net/evolution/systematics/linnean.htm)
Webopedia (http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/H/Hierarchical.html)
By: Jake
Hybrid:Offspring of two parents that differ in one or more heritable characteristics; offspring of two different varieties or of two different species (Biology of Plants, Raven, pg. 209). A number of plant species are the result of hybridization and polyploidy with many plant species easily cross pollinating and producing viable seeds, the distinction between each species is often maintained by geographical isolation or differences in the flowering period (Keeton, Williams).
ex. Plantanus x acerifolia - London Plane-Tree
> The x indicates a hybrid
~Quinn
Enhancement: If sterile hybrid plants can reproduce asexually, they will become very successful. This is due to the offspring of two different species taking on the best characteristics of its parents; therefore, making it easier for the hybrid to grow in a variety of different habitats. An example of this is Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis). This grass is taking over the native grasslands of the prairies. This is due to the occasional hybridization with a series of other grasses making literally hundreds of different hybrid species. (Raven. pg 214)
-Morgan Traverse
Enhancement:
An example of a hybrid is the London Plane tree. Believed to be the result of an American and Oriental Plane tree.
Leaf Fruit
http://www.english-country-garden.com/a/i/trees/london-plane-1.jpg
http://www.hort.cornell.edu/4hplants/Ornamentals/Images/London%20Plane%20Tree2.jpg
StephL
International Code of Botanical Nomenclature(ICBN)
Precise and simple system of nomenclature(naming of living things) used by botanists in all countries, dealing with the terms which rank taxonomic groups or units, and with the scientific names which are applied to the individual taxonomic(classification of living things) groups of plants. A stable method of naming taxonomic groups, avoiding and rejecting the use of names which may cause error or throw science into confusion.(http://www.bgbm.org/iapt/nomenclature/code/saintlouis/0003Pre.htm). ICBN revolves around a set of rules which include:
Kingdom: A taxonomic category, the second broadest after domain (Biology Seventh Edition, Campbell Reece, pg. 496) one of the seven cheif taxonomic categories. (Raven, pg. G-12) Amanda M.
Enhancement: One such kingdom is the kingdom Plantae. It includes organisms that range in size from a tiny moss to a giant tree. Despite this enormous variation, all plants are multicellular and eukaryotic (i.e., each cell possesses a membrane-bound nucleus that contains the chromosomes). They generally possess pigments (chlorophylls a and b and carotenoids), which play a central role in converting the energy of sunlight into chemical energy by means of photosynthesis. ( Encyclopedia Britannica Online ) Lee Williams
Enhancement: If sterile hybrid plants can reproduce asexually, they will become very successful. This is due to the offspring of two different species taking on the best characteristics of its parents; therefore, making it easier for the hybrid to grow in a variety of different habitats. An example of this is Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis). This grass is taking over the native grasslands of the prairies. This is due to the occasional hybridization with a series of other grasses making literally hundreds of different hybrid species. (Raven. pg 214)
-Morgan Traverse
Enhancement:
An example of a hybrid is the London Plane tree. Believed to be the result of an American and Oriental Plane tree.
Leaf Fruit
http://www.english-country-garden.com/a/i/trees/london-plane-1.jpg
http://www.hort.cornell.edu/4hplants/Ornamentals/Images/London%20Plane%20Tree2.jpg
StephL
International Code of Botanical Nomenclature(ICBN)
Precise and simple system of nomenclature(naming of living things) used by botanists in all countries, dealing with the terms which rank taxonomic groups or units, and with the scientific names which are applied to the individual taxonomic(classification of living things) groups of plants. A stable method of naming taxonomic groups, avoiding and rejecting the use of names which may cause error or throw science into confusion.(http://www.bgbm.org/iapt/nomenclature/code/saintlouis/0003Pre.htm). ICBN revolves around a set of rules which include:
- The application of names of taxonomic groups is determined by means of nomenclatural types.
- The nomenclature of a taxonomic group is based upon priority of publication.
- Each taxonomic group with a particular circumscription, position, and rank can bear only one correct name, the earliest that is in accordance with the Rules, except in specified cases.
- Scientific names of taxonomic groups are treated as Latin regardless of their derivation.
- The Rules of nomenclature are retroactive unless expressly limited.(http://www.micologi.it/ICBN_main.htm)
Kingdom: A taxonomic category, the second broadest after domain (Biology Seventh Edition, Campbell Reece, pg. 496) one of the seven cheif taxonomic categories. (Raven, pg. G-12) Amanda M.
Enhancement: One such kingdom is the kingdom Plantae. It includes organisms that range in size from a tiny moss to a giant tree. Despite this enormous variation, all plants are multicellular and eukaryotic (i.e., each cell possesses a membrane-bound nucleus that contains the chromosomes). They generally possess pigments (chlorophylls a and b and carotenoids), which play a central role in converting the energy of sunlight into chemical energy by means of photosynthesis. ( Encyclopedia Britannica Online ) Lee Williams
Enhancement: There are 4 main Kingdoms in which we classify living, eukaryotic organisms:
- Fungi
- Protista
- Plantae
- Animalia (Raven, 231) ~Quinn
Monotype: "mono" is a prefix meaning "one" or "single". A plant or animal that is the only member of a biological group or a taxonomic category is a monotype. For example, Ginkgo has only one species, biloba and Platanaceae has only one genus, Platanus. (MSN encarta dictionary and Raven glossary (WebCT version))
Krista N
Morphological Species: (Jackie Taylor) Recognizing species based on anatomical and morphological criteria, different species look different. This concept is useful for asexual organisms, organisms that don’t sexually reproduce. Holmgren lab - http://www.biochem.northwestern.edu/holmgren/Glossary/Definitions/Def-M/morphological_species_con.html SciLinks - http://www2.una.edu/pdavis/BI%20101/evolution_is_the_core_of_modern_.htm Biology of Plants, 7th edition, Peter H. Raven, Glossary pg 207
Monotype: "mono" is a prefix meaning "one" or "single". A plant or animal that is the only member of a biological group or a taxonomic category is a monotype. For example, Ginkgo has only one species, biloba and Platanaceae has only one genus, Platanus. (MSN encarta dictionary and Raven glossary (WebCT version))
Krista N
Morphological Species: (Jackie Taylor) Recognizing species based on anatomical and morphological criteria, different species look different. This concept is useful for asexual organisms, organisms that don’t sexually reproduce. Holmgren lab - http://www.biochem.northwestern.edu/holmgren/Glossary/Definitions/Def-M/morphological_species_con.html SciLinks - http://www2.una.edu/pdavis/BI%20101/evolution_is_the_core_of_modern_.htm Biology of Plants, 7th edition, Peter H. Raven, Glossary pg 207
Nomenclature: The art, process, or instance in naming something.(Merriam-Webster Online) In biological classification it's a system of naming organisms. The species to which an organism belongs is indicated by two words derived from various sources. This system, which is called the Linnaeaus System of binomial nomenclature, was established in the 1750's by Carlus Linaeus.(Encyclopedia Brittanica online) Lee Williams
Enhancement: Linnaeaus’ system of binomial nomenclature involves organizing an organism's scientific name into a combination of two terms. These terms are the genus name and the species. Both of these terms are italicized and the genus name is also capitalized (http://biology.about.com/b/a/257321.htm.)- Dennis Murengi.
Enhancement #2: Carlus Linaeus was a Swedish botanist. The first letter of the genus is not capitalized if it is being used as a common noun. If the genus and species is not italicized, it should be underlined, more commonly it is italicized. No two species can have the same specific name. Many of the genus and species names are derived from Greek or Latin origins and are descriptive of certain features. The system is used in all parts of the world and avoids the confusion caused by adoption of local names that have no meaning elsewhere. (Dictionary of Natural Resource Management, Dunster, p 36). Kirsten
Order: Order is the category of classification that is situated between class and family. Class is derived of one or more orders while order is derived of one or more families (Raven pg. G-16). The suffix for order is “ales” (Raven, pg. 221). Order is the fourth level in the classification system and was created by Carl Linnaues (AndersBacklund, http://www.systbot.uu.se/information/history/linnaeus.htm) -- John
Pinnate: Of a compound leaf: composed of a series of (usually opposite) leaflets arranged on each side of a common petiole; (of a fern frond) composed of a series of pinnae; (a primary division, or leaflet, of a compound leaf) arranged on each side of the rachis (main axis from which the pinnae arise). Also: (of leaf venation) consisting of a series of lateral branches arising on each side of the midrib. Cf. BIPINNATE adj., TRIPINNATE adj.
alternately, odd-, oppositely pinnate, etc.: see the first element. Juglans nigra (Black walnut) leaf, a Pinnately compound leaf structure.
Plantae (Kristie Seaborn) Multicellular eukaryotes that make organic molecules by photosynthesis (Biol. Concepts and Connections 4th ed., Pg. 346). The photosynthetic nutrition, in which chemical energy is produced from water, minerals, and carbon dioxide with the aid of pigments and the radiant energy of the Sun.They have essentially unlimited growth at meristems.They have cells that contain cellulose and are therefore to some extent rigid (Encyclopedia Britannica Online).
Enhancement: Plants are autotrophic, have cells walls, and are terrestrial organisms which means they primarily live on land. As well, they have an alternation or generations, going between sphorophyte and gametophyte generations, sporophyte being the dominant phase. Lastly, plants either repoduce through spores or seeds (Raven, 233-236) ~Quinn
Priority Rule- According to the ICBN, the oldest valid published name of a plant or a species is the one that gets used. This is true except in some cases where it is decided that a new name would "disturb stability or universality or cause confusion," then it would be decided that he other name would stay. An example of a name change because of the priority rule is: the Pseudotsuga menziesii, Douglas fir. It was for many years called by another name, but someone was doing research and found a reference to the tree that had been validly published by Archibald Menzies, the ships surgeon with Captain Vancouver in the 1700’s. Because of the priority rule, the name that Menzies had originally created took the place of the name at the time. http://home.earthlink.net/~misaak/taxonomy.html (Earthlink); http://www.lewis-clark.org/content/content-article.asp?ArticleID=1509 (Lewis and Clark)
Liz Foster
Priority Rule- According to the ICBN, the oldest valid published name of a plant or a species is the one that gets used. This is true except in some cases where it is decided that a new name would "disturb stability or universality or cause confusion," then it would be decided that he other name would stay. An example of a name change because of the priority rule is: the Pseudotsuga menziesii, Douglas fir. It was for many years called by another name, but someone was doing research and found a reference to the tree that had been validly published by Archibald Menzies, the ships surgeon with Captain Vancouver in the 1700’s. Because of the priority rule, the name that Menzies had originally created took the place of the name at the time. http://home.earthlink.net/~misaak/taxonomy.html (Earthlink); http://www.lewis-clark.org/content/content-article.asp?ArticleID=1509 (Lewis and Clark)
Liz Foster
Prokaryotic: A type of cell without a membrane enclosed nucleus or membrane enclosed organelles (Biology of Plants seventh edition Pg. 37). Prokaryotic cells are smaller than eukaryotic cell. Examples of a prokaryotic cell are: bacteria and archaea. (Biology, seventh edition, Cambell Reece, pg 8). Nick N Enhancement
This picture is a prokaryotic cell, Just by telling that there is a lack of true nucleus and there is no membrane-enclosed organelles making the cell simple compared to a eukaryotic cell. ( http://www.daviddarling.info/images/prokaryotic_cell.jpg ) DustieEnhancement: Cells that lack a membrane-bound nucleus are called prokaryotes (from the Greek meaning before nuclei). These cells have few internal structures that are distinguishable under a microscope. Cells in the monera kingdom such as bacteria and cyanobacteria (also known as blue-green algae) are prokaryotes. http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html (R.Swite)
Enhancement
The prokaryotic cell is beleived to be one of the origins of life. Examples of this include the eukaryotic organelles, the mitochondria and the chloroplast. The chloroplast was believed to originate from cyanobacteria. Evidence of this is demonstrated by the chloroplasts multiple membrane systems and having tis own DNA which lead to the believe that a endosymbiosis event has occured in which a eukaryote has acutally engulfed the chloroplast earlier in the process of evolution. The mitochondrion also has its own independent genome. This DNA shows similarity to bacterial genomes, and, fives evidence again to the endosymbiosis theory.Henze K, Martin W (2003). "Evolutionary biology: essence of mitochondria". Nature 426 (6963): 127-8. Martin W, Rujan T, Richly E, Hansen A, Cornelson S, Lins T, Leister D, Stoebe B, Hasegawa M, Penny D (2002). "Evolutionary analysis of Arabidopsis, cyanobacterial, and chloroplast genomes reveals plastid phylogeny and thousands of cyanobacterial genes in the nucleus". Proc Natl Acad Sci 99:
Mike Tomlinson
Protista - These are eukaryotic one-celled living organisms, without highly specialized tissues, distinct from multicellular plants and animals. They include protozoa (animal-like protists), slime molds (fungus-like protists), and eukaryotic algae (plant-like protists). The word protist means "the first of all ones" and are said to be paraphyletic. The kingdom protista is comprised of eukaryotic organisms (they belong to the domain eukarya) that do not fit into any other kingdom.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protista) (http://www.ask.com/reference/dictionary/wordnet/130824/Protista) Image references (Left to Right) (http://www.microscopy.fsu.edu/primer/techniques/hoffmangallery/images/stentor.jpg) (http://www.nearctica.com/biomes/edf/mushroom/mush10.jpg) (http://www.wiu.edu/users/mfkck/micr200/nostoc.gif) Krista Neufeld
Scientific name (DennisMurengi) – The Latin name of an organism used to rank an organisms species, genus or family according to internationally agreed rules. http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/pfk/pages/glossary.php?entry_name=Scientific+name
This system of naming is called binomial nomenclature (the American heritage dictionaries). Scientific names are used for some of the following reasons: they help prevent confusion of many common names over different nationalities, they allow exact identification of an organism, and scientific names are unique. Examples: Quercus rubra L. (Trees in Canada pg.248), Populus balsamifera L. (Trees in Canada pg.340).
Seed Transfer Guidelines (Andrea Chapman) – Guidelines set out by government in order to regulate where specific species are planted within the province (Yanchuk 2007). Guidelines change depending on the governing body (example, can be different in the USA than in Canada) and ensure the climatic conditions are adequate for the species planted to avoid maladaptation. Maladaptation occurs when species that become accustomed to their climate range are moved to a foreign climate reacting by means of slow growth, cold injury, stem defects, etc. (O’Neill and Yanchuck 2005).
Yanchuck A. 2007. Climate change and seed transfer. Government of British Columbia. URL http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hre/forgen/seedtransfer/seedtransfer.htm
O’Neill G. and Yanchuck A. 2005. A primer on seed transfer for compliance and enforcement in B.C. Government of British Columbia. URL http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hre/forgen/seedtransfer/SeedTransferPrimer20.pdf
Speciation: This is the origin of new species in evolution; the evolutionary formation of new biological species, usually by one species that divides into two or more species that are genetically unique. (MSN encarta dictionary and Raven glossary(WebCT version))
Krista N
Enhancement: Speciation is the divergence of one species, primarily thought to be the result of geographical isolation. Geographical isolation combined with very different environmental factors is thought to be the raw material of speciation. The random change of alleles of the isolated groups is genetic drift. If these populations are apart for long enough they may become so different that they may not reproduce with their original species. The second idea is that speciation may be the result of adaptive radiation, where individuals with physical or behavioral traits may only interbreed with one another, causing a change in allele frequency, resulting in speciation.
Reference: American Heritage Science Dictionary, 2007, (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Speciation)
Enhancement #2:
Speciation is a lineage-splitting event that produces two or more separate species. Something happens so that a single species is divided, something like a hurricane blowing some flies to another area. These two different groups mate and produce offspring and following the theory of adaptive radiation, only the strong survive. These stronger offspring then mate together and on it goes. After a long time these species have evolved into a whole new species or subspecies, to better suit it’s environment.
Liz Foster
Enhancement #3:
An experiment demonstrating allopatric speciation in the fruit fly (Drosophila pseudoobscura) conducted by Diane Dodd. A single population of flies was divided into two, with one of the populations fed with starch-based food and the other with maltose-based food. After the populations had diverged over many generations, the groups were again mixed; it was observed that the flies continued to prefer mating with others from the same original population.
Edited in Inkscape by User:Fastfission based on versions by User:BenB4 (Image:Speciation experiment.svg) from Ilmari Karonen's Image:Drosophila speciation.svg, based on http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/images/evo/drosophila_experiment.gif from http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/evo_45
Kevin C.
Species: (Mallory Hazell) In Latin, species simply means "kind," and so species are, in the simplest sense, different kinds of organisms. By one diffinition, a species is a group of natural populations whose members can interbreed with one another but cannot (or at least usually do not) interbreed with members of other such groups. (Biology of Plants. Raven. pg. 207)
Enhancement: (Sarah Slater) Species can be classified by the biological species concept or more commonly in plants the morphological species concept. Biological species concept is mentioned above: populations being able to interbreed only within that population. Morphological species concept is based on anatomical features and DNA. This is mainly used for plants, as hybrids are common. The name given to species is considered a binomial name, or two part name and also in latin. It consists of a genus name, which is the genus in which the species is apart of, and the scientific epithet or a more specific name.
Biology of Plants. Raven. G-22
The Chicago Botanic Garden <http://www.bestplants.org/glossary.htm>
Specific Epithet: Of or pertaining to, connected with, etc., a distinct species of animals or plants. specific epithet (chiefly Bot. and Microbiology), the second (adjectival) element in the Latin name of a species according to the binomial system, which follows the generic name and serves to distinguish a species from others in the same genus; specific name, (a) (now chiefly Zool.) = specific epithet above; (b) (now chiefly Bot. and Microbiol.), the Latin name of a species, which in the binomial system comprises a generic name and a specific epithet.(Oxford English Dictionary Online)The second part of a species name; for example, mays of Zea mays, which is maize.(Raven, p. G-22). Kevin C
Sporophyte: A multicellular diploid resulting from the union of gametes produced by Gametophytes. These diploid cells divide using meiosis, into haploid cells called spores which in turn regenerate Gametophytes through mitosis. (Biology, seventh edition, Campbell Reece, pg 242) Each phase Gametophyte and Sporophyte,creates the other. (sporophyte. (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved October 18, 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9069221 ) Ryan T
Enhancement: In trees and other vascular plants, the sporophyte is the larger and more structurally complex generation (Biology of Plants, Raven, pg. 376). A key characteristic of the sporophyte generation is that its reproductive cells or spores are asexual; each spore germinates to produce a gametophyte (Encarta Online Encyclopedia). Tessa J
Enhancement- The following picture clearly labels the sporophyte generation -- John
Subspecies: The main taxonomic subdivision of a species. (Biology of Plants seventh edition Pg 221) It is a taxonomic group that is less distinct from the species it originates from. The species will evolve and change because of climate or habitat change when it is isolated from the original species, causing a subspecies to emerge. ( http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Subspecies)- Nick N
Enhancement: A subspecies is also refered to as a "variety". All members of a subspecies or variety of a given species resemble each other and share one or more features not present in other subspecies or varieties of that species. (Raven, pg. 221)
Amanda M
Enhancement
A subdivision of a species: as a category in biological classification that ranks immediately below a species and designates a population of a particular geographic region genetically distinguishable from other such populations of the same species and capable of interbreeding successfully with them where its range overlaps theirs. ( Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate dictionary- Seventh ed.) Dustie
Taxon: (plural taxa) or Taxonomic Unit is a group or category at any level of the classification system of plants or animals. These taxa are pertaining to the groupings used in the classification of organizations. Taxonomic categories are:Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species. The taxon of something is essentialy it's rank. Liz Foster http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?taxon (Merriam and Webster)
Taxonomy: Taxonomy is derived from Greek word Taxis "arrangement" and nomos "law" ( Botanica online Encyclopedia). Therefore, it is a science of identifying, naming, and classifying of organism species (Biology of plants, seventh edition, Raven, 219) in hierarchial system. This system includes Kingdom (Plantae), Division (Tracheophyte), Class (Anthrophyta), Order (Fagales), Family (Betulacese), Genus (Betula), and Specific epithet (papyrifera) (Forest Ecology and Botany, Rhys, B-10). Tamiki N
Enhancement (Ryan T) "Taxonomy is the method by which scientists, conservationists, and naturalists classify and organize the vast diversity of living things on this planet in an effort to understand the evolutionary relationships between them." Jamie Fenneman: E-Flora BC (Retrieved Nov 28, 2007) from http://www.geog.ubc.ca/~brian/florae/IntroductiontoPlantTaxonomy.html
Type Locality (Russ Fountain)
The type locality of a species is the geographical place of collection of the specimen. (International Code of Zoological Nomenclature - http://www.iczn.org/iczn/index.jsp?nfv=&article=76) If new species is discovered, one specimen will be taken from it’s natural habitat to represent the entire species, and the exact location from which that specimen was taken is called the type locality. If the name-bearing type was captured or collected after being transported by boat, vehicle, aircraft, or other human or mechanical means, the type locality is the place from which it began its unnatural journey. (http://filaman.uni-kiel.de/LarvalBase/Glossary/Glossary.cfm)
Type Specimen: A single member of a species that is used to represent all members of that species(http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Type_series). This specimen is usually used as a basis for comparison to determine if other specimens are members of the same species or not. (Raven pg 221) – Morgan Traverse
Enhancement (Sarah Slater): A type specimen is a real plant taken from a natural environment that is kept safely in a herbarium to refer to at any point. It is the original plant that was used to name and classify the species. The plant must be a good representation of the species as it will be kept forever to compare other specimens to. In the past drawings may have been used as type specimens, as technology was not as advanced and preserving real plants was not commonly practiced. Written by Jim Foley of Talk Origins <http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/typespec.html>
National Herbarium of New South Wales <http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/HerbLink/NSWtypes/type.html>
Variety: When specific kinds of organisms do not fit exactly into a species, but are still members of that species, they are put into a group that is less than species rank.These species names are ternary, in that they have three parts. This can sometimes be viewed as the same as a subspecies, or divisions of subspecies. An example is lodgepole pine. It is Pinus contorta var. contorta. (http://www.bgbm.org/iapt/nomenclature/code/saintlouis/0008Ch1Art004.htm)
- Morgan Traverse
Enhancement (Kristie Seaborn) Another good example of a variety is Acer glabrum var. douglasii (Douglas maple). It is a shrubby western tree found in B.C. along streams and on moist sites. ( Trees in Canada pg, 150)
(http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/species/acgld4.htm )
Naturalized tree: A woody perennial plant ( http://www.britannica.com/dictionary ) originating in another region that becomes established in a new environment, or adapts successfully to new environmental conditions.(Encarta Dictionary Online) An example of a naturalized tree to North America is the London Plane Tree (Platanus x acerifolia) The London Plane tree is a hybrid of the American and Oriental Plane tree and is particularly well adapted to urban conditions. (http://www.yardener.com/LondonPlaneTree.html, Yardener’s Advisor Newsletter online)
- Nicole H. Enhancement: Another example of a naturalized tree is the Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia). This tree is native to Europe and western Asia. It is also used extensively in the prairies to provide windbreaks. (Plants of Southern Interior British Columbia and the Pacific Northwest. Parish et. al. pg 71) - Morgan Traverse
Enhancement: (Mallory Hazell) A naturalized tree is an introduced species (a species of tree that has been introduced into a different region) that escapes cultivation and grows freely. In other words it becomes common and established as wild. It behaves like a native species, which grow naturally and spontaneously in undisturbed forest.
The London Plane is a hybrid between the Oriental Plane (P. orientalis) and the Western or American Plane (P.occidentalis). This tree pictured here is an example of a naturalized tree. (www.the-tree.org.uk/.../TreeGallery/Plane.jpeg) Matti Harper
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COMPARE AND CONTRAST
Please put your compare and contrast entries below here
Adaptive radiation/Hybrid: Adaptive radiation is the differentiation of a species through evolution. It is the process of one species evolving into many different species with different morphological and physiological traits, in a variety of environments (Shluter 2000). A hybrid is a viable offspring that is produced between two genetically different species (Oxford Dictionary). Hybridization is the process of producing a hybrid by breeding between two genetically different strains, populations, or species (Dunster J. 1996). Adaptive radiation and hybridization are similar because the offspring produced are genetically different then their ancestors. However, the process leading up to these changes is much different. In adaptive radiation, the process occurs within a rapidly multiplying lineage influencing the entire population (Shluter 2000), where in Hybridization, it occurs to an individual. Adaptive radiation is said to occur primarily due to the population exploiting different resources (Shluter 1995). Hybridization is an event where two different species under the same genus happen to interbreed, making it more of a chance event, not a process of evolution as is true with adaptive radiation. Andrea Chapman
Dunster J. 1996. Dictionary of natural resource management. UBC Press. Pg 166
Oxford English Dictionary Online http://dictionary.oed.com.ezproxy.tru.ca/cgi/entry/50109750?single=1&query_type=word&queryword=Hybrid&first=1&max_to_show=10
Schluter D. 2000. The ecology of adaptive radiation. Oxford University Press. pg 10 URL http://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Q1wxNmLAL10C&oi=fnd&pg=PP8&dq=Adaptive+Radiation&ots=4nP1SFaNxu&sig=3VtfyXyEao7XfVOPmcKOmGolMGQ#PPA286,M1
Schluter D. 1995. Adaptive radiation in sticklebacks: trade-offs in feeding performance and growth Ecology 76 (1): 82-90 URL http://www.jstor.org/view/00129658/di960364/96p0065p/0
Adaptive Radiation/Speciation: Speciation refers to the origin of species - specifically: allopatric speciation, which refers to speciation that occurs through the geographic separation of species, and sympatric speciation and occurs without geographic isolation (Biology of Plants, 7th Edition, Peter H. Raven, pg 209). Adaptive radiation involves the rapid adaptation of one species into several in order to exploit specific niches. An example of adaptive radiation would be “Darwin’s Finches” – specifically the variation of the beaks of finches habituated on the Galapagos Islands (http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/6/l_016_02.html). - Tori Waites
Genetic Isolation/Adaptive radiation: (Mallory Hazell) Adaptive radiation is the evolution from one kind of organism to several divergent forms, each specialized to fit a distinct and diverse way of life. Genetic Isolation is an event that separates a species of trees over a long period of time until the new regions of trees become so different they can no longer interbreed. Therefore, genetic isolation is a form of adaptive radiation in trees. The evolution of one species of tree into several different forms of that tree each specialized to a different region. (Biology of Plants. Raven. Pg. G-1)
Angiosperm/Gymnosperm: A angiosperm is any of a class (Angiospermae) or division (Magnoliophyta) of vascular plants (as magnolias, grasses, oaks, roses, and daisies) that have the ovules and seeds enclosed in an ovary, form the embryo and endosperm by double fertilization, and typically have each flower surrounded by a perianth composed of two sets of floral envelopes comprising the calyx and corolla —called also flowering plant (Merriam-Webster Online)
Gymnosperms, the other large group of vascular seed plants, do not develop seeds enclosed within an ovary but are
usually borne exposed on the surfaces of reproductive structures, such as cones, that originally produced the spores. any vascular plant that reproduces by means of an exposed seed, or ovule, as opposed to an angiosperm, or flowering plant, whose seeds are enclosed by mature ovaries, or fruits.The seeds of many gymnosperms (literally, “naked seed”) are borne in cones and are not visible. These cones, however, are not the same as fruits. During pollination, the immature male gametes, or pollen grains, sift among the cone scales and land directly on the ovules, which contain the immature female gametes, rather than on elements of a flower (the stigma and carpel) as in angiosperms. Furthermore, at maturity, the cone expands to reveal the naked seeds. (Encyclopedia Britannica Online ) Lee Williams.
Gymnosperm Cone and Angiosperm Flower
Passion Flower By magzie on Flickr
(http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hcs/TMI/HORT234/Nomenclature.html)
(http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Cultivar)
A subspecies is when a species of tree becomes acclimated to a certain area and the following generations become more and more specialized to live in that one area.
(http://www.answers.com/topic/subspecies)
(Biology of Plants, 7th edition (pp g-23)
Subspecies and cultivar are similar in that they are both genetically specialized to serve a purpose and have been very selectively bred to succeed at doing this. They differ in that a subspecies is a naturally occurring phenomenon, and cultivars occur due to direct human intervention.
Cultivar and Ecotype: Both terms refer to a plant species that has been changed or grown/grows in an unusual location that it would not naturally be found in. However, the cultivar has been planted by people to grow in said location and the tree may or may not adapt to the new environment. The cultivated species is also genetically alike to the original strain unlike the ecotype. The ecotype is a naturally occurring genetic variation of a plant species in which it has adapted to the local environment. Ecotypes are not genetically similar to other members or its genus separating them. (Biology of Plants, 7th edition, Peter H. Raven, G-8,G-6 and The free dictionary by Farlex at http://www.thefreedictionary.com/ecotype)
By Conyr Aird
Biological species concept vs. Morphological species concept. (Katherine Loewen)
The biological species concept defines a species based on genetic isolation from other groups of organisms. It suggests that a species can be defined by an inability or lack of inclination to mate with other groups thus maintaining a consistent genetic makeup of a population. This definition of a species does not always apply in nature as species can and do interbreed to produce fertile hybrids on a regular basis. (Raven 6th ed.)
The morphological species concept defines a species based on similarites and differences in appearance. It is the most practical and widely used method of differentiating species (Etelka, 2006)
The biological and morphological species concepts use different ideas to decide whether an organism belongs to one species or another. The biological species concept does not take into account the appearance of an organism when defining species, only what other organisms it can interbreed with. On the other hand, the morphological species concept will define a group of organims as a single species even if it can interbreed with a different kind or kinds of organisms.
Derived Heterotroph/Heterotroph: An heterotroph is an organism that cannot manufacture organic compounds and so must feed on organic materials that have originated in other plants and animals. (Biology and Plants 6th edition, Pg. G-18 The vast majority of heterotrophic organisms evolved from other hetertrophic organisms. The exception of this tendency is the derived heterotroph, which is an organism that evolved from an autotroph that can manufacture organic material without the consumption oranisms, into an organism that is required to gain nutrients from an organism. An example would be Monotropa uniflora (Indian Pipe) which is white due to the fact that no photosynthetic pigments are present in the plant's tissue. Indian Pipe is evolved from the blueberry family and is technically a flowering plant, however it rely entirely on the nutrients of mycorrhizal fungi which are symbiotic with autotrophic plants. Other herotrophic plant depend on plants for nutrients or in extreme cases, such as the Venus Flytrap (Dionaea muscipula), animals.(http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/oct2002.html) Robin Anders
Domain/Kingdom: Domains and Kingdoms are both catagories of taxinomic groupings(http://101science.com/Taxonomy.htm) A Domain is the highest of all the taxonomic groupings, in it are the 3 domains: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya. A Kingdom is just below Domain in the taxonomic catagories: The Kingdoms are Monera, Protista, Anamalia, Plantae, and Fungi (Glossary: Biology of Plants) VanessaV
Domain/ Division:There are three domains of living organisms: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukayra. Domains are the highest grouping of all organisms. Divisions are a taxinomic category to designate groupsof the plant kingdom. (Biology of Plants, 7th edition) Travis Unsworth
Drupe/ Pom: A drupe is a one-seeded indehiscent fruit having a hard bony endocarp, a fleshy mesocarp, and a thin exocarp that is flexible (as in the cherry) or dry and almost leathery (as in the almond). (Merriam-Webster Online)
Pomes are multiple fleshy fruits of the rose family (Rosaceae) in which an adnate hypanthium becomes fleshy (apples and pears).(Encyclopedia Britannica Online) A fleshy fruit consisting of an outer thickened fleshy layer and a central core with usually five seeds enclosed in a capsule. Ovary or core surrounded by edible, fleshy receptacle tissue (hypanthium or fleshy floral tube) that is really not part of the pericarp. The actual ovary or core is usually not eaten, at least by most humans. This is typical fruit of certain members of the rose family (Rosaceae), including apple, pear, quince and loquat. (Merriam-Webster Online) Lee Williams
Pome image: waynesword.palomar.edu/images/pome1.jpg
Drupe Image: www.botany.hawaii.edu
Lee Williams
Gametophyte/ Sporophyte: In plants that have an alternation of generations, the gametophyte is the haploid (n), gamete-producing generation, and the sporophyte is the diploid (2n), spore-producing generation. In trees, and other vascular plants, the sporophyte is the larger and more structurally complex generation, whereas the gametophyte is a step in the life cycle of the plant, and production of the sporophyte. In bryophytes, on the other hand, the gametophyte is the larger and more dominant generation, but can still be considered a “step” in its life cycle. The sporophyte produces haploid spores, which eventually produce gametophytes. The gametophyte then produces eggs or sperm, which after fertilization will become the sporophyte. (Biology of Plants, Raven, 236, 376). In plants with alternating generations, the gametophyte is the gamete-producing and usually haploid phase, producing the zygote from which the sporophyte arises. It is the dominant form in bryophytes. The sporophyte is the asexual, and usually diploid stage, producing spores from which the gametophyte arises. It is the dominant form in vascular plants (The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English, online). –Tessa J
Genetic isolation/ ecotype (Sarah Slater): Genetic isolation is the process of species expanding to live in a greater geographical range. When large geographical range has been covered, species are often separated into different ecosystems. During this process species must adapt to the new environment in which they live. An ecotype is a subset of a species that has adapted to its environment in a way that makes the population genetically different from members of the same species. Therefore, an ecotype is the result of genetic isolation.
These two terms coexist with one another, and are therefore similar. They are both terms that refer to the environment in which a species lives. These two terms are also different as genetic isolation is a process, and an ecotype is a result of this process.
Biology of Plants. Raven, Evert, Eichhorn. Pg. 205
Dictionary of Biology. Thain, Hickma. Pg. 175
Genus/ Species: Taxonomic categories, They are the two lowest ranks of taxonomic categories. Species are different types of organisms while genus is the second name of the species which identifies more specifically. An example of this is Pinus ponderosa and Pinus contorta . The Pinus is the species and the genus is the second word. (Biology of Plants, 7th Ed.) Travis Unsworth
Haploid/ Diploid: Haploid refers to a single set of chromosomes, and is written as n. Diploid refers to having a double set of chromosomes, and is written as 2n. In a trees lifecycle, the spores and gametes have haploid status, and the somatic cells, or the sporophyte generation, has diploid status (Biology of Plants, Raven, pg.41). Haploid is having half of the diploid or full complement of chromosomes, that is, one complete set, as in mature gametes, whereas diploid is having two complete chromosome pairs in a nucleus (2N) (McGraw-Hill Access Science, Encyclopedia of Science & Technology Online). The haploid stage occurs after meiosis, and the diploid stage occurs after mitosis. -Tessa J
Hybrid/Cultivar A hybrid is and organism of two parents that differ in one of more heritable characteristics, especially the offspring of parents of different varieties or species. A hybrid may quite often display Hybrid Vigor which is having measurably better characteristics than both of its parents. Hybrids are commonly sterile. In contrast, a cultivar is a plant that has been created or selected intentionally because of its traits by humans and has maintained its uniquiness by human cultivation. A Cultivar may be a hybrid or it may not.( American Heritage Science Dictionary) A cultivated species is a plant found only under human cultivation. (Raven et al, Biology of plants, pg. g-7) An example of a Cultivar is the Lombardi Poplar ( Populus nigra italica) which was hybridized for its upward pointed branches and fast growth.( Crystal Reference Encyclopedia) Hybrids are sometimes found in the wild, a cultivar is a not, unless it is planted there by humans. An example of a hybrid is a Platanus x acerifolia The London Plane Tree which is a fully fertile hybrid.(Encyclopedia Britanica Online) It could be argued that this tree would not have come to be without human cultivation, but there is other hybrids that occur in the wild. A cultivar is plant species that has been selectively bred by humans.
Ref: American Heritage Science Dictionary. 2007 (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/hybrid)
Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 2007 (http://www.britanicca.com/article/londonplane)
Crystal Reference Encyclopedia (http://www.reference.com/search?q=lombardy%20poplar)
Introduced tree/Naturalized tree (AarenS) A naturalized tree is an introduced species that has become common and established itself as though wild, reproducing naturally and spreading. (http://www.americanforests.org/resources/bigtrees/faq.php) An introduced tree is a tree brought from a different area and grows, but does not reproduce or spread as a population in its habitat. (Biology of Plants, 7th edition) A naturalized tree and a introduced tree are similar in that they are both brought in to a habitat where they are not considered part of the native species. They differ because a naturalized tree can reproduce and increase in population, whereas an introduced tree will not reproduce or expand into other areas.
Kingdom/Division: Kingdom is the taxonomic category which has five parts, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia, Protista. (Biology seventh edition Pg. 497) Kingdom, is below the group Domain and above the group Division. The Division known as also known as the phylum, each kingdom (ex. animalia, plantae) has many phylums with in it. The division is a smaller group than a kingdom but there are more of them. The division is above the group Class.(Biology of Plants seventh edition Pg. 221) –Nick N
Plantae/Animalia: These two kingdoms both consist of multicellular eukaryotes, but members of the kingdom Plantae are autotrophic and members of the kingdom Animalia are heterotrophic (Capmbell Reece, 7th Ed.). Plants are always stationary and are able obtain energy in one spot, while animals are motile and must move in order to find food. Aswell, most plants are terrestrial (trees, grasses) and most animals are aquatic (whales) (The Canadian Encyclopedia).
Taxonomy and Nomenclature: Taxonomy is the process in which organisms are categorized into different groups. ex. where one
would be placed which, Domain, Kingdom, Division, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species. It is the science of identifying, classifying, and naming an organism.(Biology Seventh edition Pg. 439) Nomenclature is the art and process of naming the organism. It is usually a Latin name, with a common suffix in each group. The name in the group Order, they all end in the suffix ales, (Ex.. argaicales). (Biology of Plants seventh edition Pg. 219)-Nick N
Type Specimen/ Type Locality:Both a type specimen and type locality are involved in identifying a new species. A type specimen is the dried plant that is kept in a herbarium and is the basis for comparing specimens to figure out if they are separate species or not (Raven, pg. 221). Type locality is the location and description of the ecosystem where the type specimen was found in the world (“Type Specimens”, San Diego Natural History Museum). According to the ICBN, to have a valid publication both of these aspects are required. This information gives scientists something to work with, and incase something happened to the type specimen, the type locality would make it possible to replace it.~Quinn
Eukaryotic/Prokaryotic: Prokaryotic and eukaryotic are what distinctly define two groups of organisms. The suffixes come from the Greek word karyon which means "kernel." Prokaryote means "before a nucleus" while eukaryote means "with a true nucleus" (Raven pg. 37). A prokaryotic cell is a cell which lacks a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. This is unlike a eukaryotic cell which has a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms that have eukaryotic cells such as plants, protists, and fungi are known as eukaryotes while organisms with prokaryotic cells such as archaea and bacteria are called prokaryotes. (Campbell Reece, 7th Ed.). -- John
Enhancement: (Jessica Wrench) This is a photo of a typical eukaryotic cell. Note the prominent purple section on the left hand side of the diagram which represents the nucleus. The presence of the nucleus is extremely important because eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles.
Photo from: http://facstaff.uww.edu/wentzl/plantcell700.jpg
Enhancement Continued: (Jessica Wrench) This is a photo of a typical prokaryotic cell. Note the lack of nucleus and membrane bound organelles.
Photo from: http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/media/prokaryote.gif
Eukaryotic / Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic cell – a cell type with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells such as: protists, plants, fungi and animals are all called eukaryotes (Campbell & Reece, Biology 7th ed. Glossary) Prokaryotic cell - a cell type lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells sich as bacteria and archaea are called prokaryotes. Eukaryotic cells are subdivided by internal membranes into various membrane-enclosed organelles. In most eukaryotes the largest organelle is the nucleus which contains the DNA for the cell and all the other organelles are located in the cytoplasm, which is the region between the nucleus and the outer membrane of the cell (Campbell & Reece, Biology 7th ed. Pg 8). They have nuclear envelopes, complex chromosomes and organelles such as the mitochondria for respiration and chloroplasts for photosynthesis, which are all surrounded by membranes. Prokaryotic cells do not have their DNA separated from the rest of the cell by an enclosure in the membrane-bound nucleus (Campbell & Reece, Biology 7th ed, pg 8). They lack a genetic envelope and do not have heir genetic material organized into complex chromosomes (Raven, Biology of Plants, pg 4). Stephanie Lauer
The difference between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells is easily seen in this diagram.
http://www.cod.edu/people/faculty/fancher/ProkEuk.htm
StephL
Valid publication/Effective publication: Both of these terms are rules in the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. Valid publication is when the name given to a new species is correct in its description. For example when Douglas fir was first named Picea taxifolia, that was not valid publication because the Douglas fir is not a spruce. Effective publication refers to where the new name is set into place. It needs to be published in a recognized, peer reviewed scientific journal. (http://www.bgbm.org/iapt/nomenclature/code/saintlouis/0010Ch2Sec1a006.htm) -Morgan Traverse
Cultivar/Naturalized tree: A cultivar and a naturalized tree are both introduced species. This means that neither of these species occurs naturally in the ecosystem in which it is growing. The difference between the two is that a cultivar cannot grow without cultivation, while a naturalized tree can grow unassisted in a natural setting. (http://www.plant-materials.nrcs.usda.gov/pubs/kspmcnl4989.pdf) This can have negative implications and create invading, noxious species taking over native species. An example of a naturalized tree that is beginning to cause problems in the west Kootenays is the black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) which is taking over riparian areas. (J. Craig-Cental Kootenay Invasive Plant Committee. Personal conversation. July 2006) - Morgan Traverse
Domain/Kingdom (Dennis Murengi) Domain: The taxonomic category above the kingdom level; the three domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. (Biology of Plants 7th Edition G-7) Kingdom: One of the seven chief taxonomic categories; for example, Fungi or Planatae. (Biology of Plants 7th Edition G-12) Domain and kingdom are similar in that they are both taxonomic categories of organisms. However, they differ in their taxonomic level and in what they classify. Domain is the taxonomic level above the kingdom category. (Biology of Plants 7th Edition pg 228) In addition this taxonomic category is based on distinct lineages of life through which organisms have been evolving independently of each other. (http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Domain) On the other hand the taxonomic level; kingdom is immediately below the domain and bases its classification on the most basic relationships between organisms. (Biology-online.org)
Prokaryotic/Eukaryotic (Russ Fountain)
In the world of cells, there are two major groups: the prokaryotes and the eukaryotes. They are very similar in that they contain many of the same parts. However, there are a few major differences between them. Eukaryotes contain membrane-bound nuclei and other organelles, while prokaryotes lack this membrane-bound nucleus. Prokaryotes are classified in two kingdoms separate from the eukaryotes. Eukaryotes are the type of cells that make up plants and one celled organisms, but not animals. The reason that they have a membrane-bound nucleus is because they have to carry out all the processes of life, which is untrue in prokaryotes. Prokaryotes rely on many cells working together to function. While eukaryotes are radically different from one another, they do have three general parts that allow them to carry out these processes of life. These are the cell membrane, the nucleus, and other organelles. The organelles are very important to the cells functioning. (Essortment. “Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes” http://ks.essortment.com/prokaryoteseuka_rgbo.htm)
COMPARE AND CONTRAST
Please put your compare and contrast entries below here
Adaptive radiation/Hybrid: Adaptive radiation is the differentiation of a species through evolution. It is the process of one species evolving into many different species with different morphological and physiological traits, in a variety of environments (Shluter 2000). A hybrid is a viable offspring that is produced between two genetically different species (Oxford Dictionary). Hybridization is the process of producing a hybrid by breeding between two genetically different strains, populations, or species (Dunster J. 1996). Adaptive radiation and hybridization are similar because the offspring produced are genetically different then their ancestors. However, the process leading up to these changes is much different. In adaptive radiation, the process occurs within a rapidly multiplying lineage influencing the entire population (Shluter 2000), where in Hybridization, it occurs to an individual. Adaptive radiation is said to occur primarily due to the population exploiting different resources (Shluter 1995). Hybridization is an event where two different species under the same genus happen to interbreed, making it more of a chance event, not a process of evolution as is true with adaptive radiation. Andrea Chapman
Dunster J. 1996. Dictionary of natural resource management. UBC Press. Pg 166
Oxford English Dictionary Online http://dictionary.oed.com.ezproxy.tru.ca/cgi/entry/50109750?single=1&query_type=word&queryword=Hybrid&first=1&max_to_show=10
Schluter D. 2000. The ecology of adaptive radiation. Oxford University Press. pg 10 URL http://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Q1wxNmLAL10C&oi=fnd&pg=PP8&dq=Adaptive+Radiation&ots=4nP1SFaNxu&sig=3VtfyXyEao7XfVOPmcKOmGolMGQ#PPA286,M1
Schluter D. 1995. Adaptive radiation in sticklebacks: trade-offs in feeding performance and growth Ecology 76 (1): 82-90 URL http://www.jstor.org/view/00129658/di960364/96p0065p/0
Adaptive Radiation/Speciation: Speciation refers to the origin of species - specifically: allopatric speciation, which refers to speciation that occurs through the geographic separation of species, and sympatric speciation and occurs without geographic isolation (Biology of Plants, 7th Edition, Peter H. Raven, pg 209). Adaptive radiation involves the rapid adaptation of one species into several in order to exploit specific niches. An example of adaptive radiation would be “Darwin’s Finches” – specifically the variation of the beaks of finches habituated on the Galapagos Islands (http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/6/l_016_02.html). - Tori Waites
Genetic Isolation/Adaptive radiation: (Mallory Hazell) Adaptive radiation is the evolution from one kind of organism to several divergent forms, each specialized to fit a distinct and diverse way of life. Genetic Isolation is an event that separates a species of trees over a long period of time until the new regions of trees become so different they can no longer interbreed. Therefore, genetic isolation is a form of adaptive radiation in trees. The evolution of one species of tree into several different forms of that tree each specialized to a different region. (Biology of Plants. Raven. Pg. G-1)
Angiosperm/Gymnosperm: A angiosperm is any of a class (Angiospermae) or division (Magnoliophyta) of vascular plants (as magnolias, grasses, oaks, roses, and daisies) that have the ovules and seeds enclosed in an ovary, form the embryo and endosperm by double fertilization, and typically have each flower surrounded by a perianth composed of two sets of floral envelopes comprising the calyx and corolla —called also flowering plant (Merriam-Webster Online)
Gymnosperms, the other large group of vascular seed plants, do not develop seeds enclosed within an ovary but are
usually borne exposed on the surfaces of reproductive structures, such as cones, that originally produced the spores. any vascular plant that reproduces by means of an exposed seed, or ovule, as opposed to an angiosperm, or flowering plant, whose seeds are enclosed by mature ovaries, or fruits.The seeds of many gymnosperms (literally, “naked seed”) are borne in cones and are not visible. These cones, however, are not the same as fruits. During pollination, the immature male gametes, or pollen grains, sift among the cone scales and land directly on the ovules, which contain the immature female gametes, rather than on elements of a flower (the stigma and carpel) as in angiosperms. Furthermore, at maturity, the cone expands to reveal the naked seeds. (Encyclopedia Britannica Online ) Lee Williams.
Gymnosperm Cone and Angiosperm Flower
Passion Flower By magzie on Flickr
www.flickr.com/photos/magzie/823542168/ Cone found on: midkit.100megsfree5.com/stateflowers.html Lee Williams
Cultivar/Subspecies: (AarenS)
A cultivar is a race or variety of plant that has been created and maintained through cultivation for traits that are found to be desirable (decorative or useful). Cultivar/Subspecies: (AarenS)
(http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hcs/TMI/HORT234/Nomenclature.html)
(http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Cultivar)
A subspecies is when a species of tree becomes acclimated to a certain area and the following generations become more and more specialized to live in that one area.
(http://www.answers.com/topic/subspecies)
(Biology of Plants, 7th edition (pp g-23)
Subspecies and cultivar are similar in that they are both genetically specialized to serve a purpose and have been very selectively bred to succeed at doing this. They differ in that a subspecies is a naturally occurring phenomenon, and cultivars occur due to direct human intervention.
Cultivar and Ecotype: Both terms refer to a plant species that has been changed or grown/grows in an unusual location that it would not naturally be found in. However, the cultivar has been planted by people to grow in said location and the tree may or may not adapt to the new environment. The cultivated species is also genetically alike to the original strain unlike the ecotype. The ecotype is a naturally occurring genetic variation of a plant species in which it has adapted to the local environment. Ecotypes are not genetically similar to other members or its genus separating them. (Biology of Plants, 7th edition, Peter H. Raven, G-8,G-6 and The free dictionary by Farlex at http://www.thefreedictionary.com/ecotype)
By Conyr Aird
Biological species concept vs. Morphological species concept. (Katherine Loewen)
The biological species concept defines a species based on genetic isolation from other groups of organisms. It suggests that a species can be defined by an inability or lack of inclination to mate with other groups thus maintaining a consistent genetic makeup of a population. This definition of a species does not always apply in nature as species can and do interbreed to produce fertile hybrids on a regular basis. (Raven 6th ed.)
The morphological species concept defines a species based on similarites and differences in appearance. It is the most practical and widely used method of differentiating species (Etelka, 2006)
The biological and morphological species concepts use different ideas to decide whether an organism belongs to one species or another. The biological species concept does not take into account the appearance of an organism when defining species, only what other organisms it can interbreed with. On the other hand, the morphological species concept will define a group of organims as a single species even if it can interbreed with a different kind or kinds of organisms.
Derived Heterotroph/Heterotroph: An heterotroph is an organism that cannot manufacture organic compounds and so must feed on organic materials that have originated in other plants and animals. (Biology and Plants 6th edition, Pg. G-18 The vast majority of heterotrophic organisms evolved from other hetertrophic organisms. The exception of this tendency is the derived heterotroph, which is an organism that evolved from an autotroph that can manufacture organic material without the consumption oranisms, into an organism that is required to gain nutrients from an organism. An example would be Monotropa uniflora (Indian Pipe) which is white due to the fact that no photosynthetic pigments are present in the plant's tissue. Indian Pipe is evolved from the blueberry family and is technically a flowering plant, however it rely entirely on the nutrients of mycorrhizal fungi which are symbiotic with autotrophic plants. Other herotrophic plant depend on plants for nutrients or in extreme cases, such as the Venus Flytrap (Dionaea muscipula), animals.(http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/oct2002.html) Robin Anders
Domain/Kingdom: Domains and Kingdoms are both catagories of taxinomic groupings(http://101science.com/Taxonomy.htm) A Domain is the highest of all the taxonomic groupings, in it are the 3 domains: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya. A Kingdom is just below Domain in the taxonomic catagories: The Kingdoms are Monera, Protista, Anamalia, Plantae, and Fungi (Glossary: Biology of Plants) VanessaV
Domain/ Division:There are three domains of living organisms: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukayra. Domains are the highest grouping of all organisms. Divisions are a taxinomic category to designate groupsof the plant kingdom. (Biology of Plants, 7th edition) Travis Unsworth
Drupe/ Pom: A drupe is a one-seeded indehiscent fruit having a hard bony endocarp, a fleshy mesocarp, and a thin exocarp that is flexible (as in the cherry) or dry and almost leathery (as in the almond). (Merriam-Webster Online)
A fruit in which the outer layer of the ovary wall is a thin skin, the middle layer is thick and usually fleshy (though sometimes tough, as in the almond, or fibrous, as in the coconut), and the inner layer, known as the pit, or putamen, is hard and stony. Within the pit is usually one seed, or, rarely, two or three, in which case only one develops fully. In aggregate fruits such as the raspberry and blackberry—which are not true berries—many small drupes are clumped together. Other representative drupes are the cherry, peach, mango, olive, walnut, and dogwood. (Encyclopedia Britannica Online) Lee Williams
Pomes are multiple fleshy fruits of the rose family (Rosaceae) in which an adnate hypanthium becomes fleshy (apples and pears).(Encyclopedia Britannica Online) A fleshy fruit consisting of an outer thickened fleshy layer and a central core with usually five seeds enclosed in a capsule. Ovary or core surrounded by edible, fleshy receptacle tissue (hypanthium or fleshy floral tube) that is really not part of the pericarp. The actual ovary or core is usually not eaten, at least by most humans. This is typical fruit of certain members of the rose family (Rosaceae), including apple, pear, quince and loquat. (Merriam-Webster Online) Lee Williams
Pome image: waynesword.palomar.edu/images/pome1.jpg
Drupe Image: www.botany.hawaii.edu
Lee Williams
Gametophyte/ Sporophyte: In plants that have an alternation of generations, the gametophyte is the haploid (n), gamete-producing generation, and the sporophyte is the diploid (2n), spore-producing generation. In trees, and other vascular plants, the sporophyte is the larger and more structurally complex generation, whereas the gametophyte is a step in the life cycle of the plant, and production of the sporophyte. In bryophytes, on the other hand, the gametophyte is the larger and more dominant generation, but can still be considered a “step” in its life cycle. The sporophyte produces haploid spores, which eventually produce gametophytes. The gametophyte then produces eggs or sperm, which after fertilization will become the sporophyte. (Biology of Plants, Raven, 236, 376). In plants with alternating generations, the gametophyte is the gamete-producing and usually haploid phase, producing the zygote from which the sporophyte arises. It is the dominant form in bryophytes. The sporophyte is the asexual, and usually diploid stage, producing spores from which the gametophyte arises. It is the dominant form in vascular plants (The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English, online). –Tessa J
Genetic isolation/ ecotype (Sarah Slater): Genetic isolation is the process of species expanding to live in a greater geographical range. When large geographical range has been covered, species are often separated into different ecosystems. During this process species must adapt to the new environment in which they live. An ecotype is a subset of a species that has adapted to its environment in a way that makes the population genetically different from members of the same species. Therefore, an ecotype is the result of genetic isolation.
These two terms coexist with one another, and are therefore similar. They are both terms that refer to the environment in which a species lives. These two terms are also different as genetic isolation is a process, and an ecotype is a result of this process.
Biology of Plants. Raven, Evert, Eichhorn. Pg. 205
Dictionary of Biology. Thain, Hickma. Pg. 175
Genus/ Species: Taxonomic categories, They are the two lowest ranks of taxonomic categories. Species are different types of organisms while genus is the second name of the species which identifies more specifically. An example of this is Pinus ponderosa and Pinus contorta . The Pinus is the species and the genus is the second word. (Biology of Plants, 7th Ed.) Travis Unsworth
Haploid/ Diploid: Haploid refers to a single set of chromosomes, and is written as n. Diploid refers to having a double set of chromosomes, and is written as 2n. In a trees lifecycle, the spores and gametes have haploid status, and the somatic cells, or the sporophyte generation, has diploid status (Biology of Plants, Raven, pg.41). Haploid is having half of the diploid or full complement of chromosomes, that is, one complete set, as in mature gametes, whereas diploid is having two complete chromosome pairs in a nucleus (2N) (McGraw-Hill Access Science, Encyclopedia of Science & Technology Online). The haploid stage occurs after meiosis, and the diploid stage occurs after mitosis. -Tessa J
Hybrid/Cultivar A hybrid is and organism of two parents that differ in one of more heritable characteristics, especially the offspring of parents of different varieties or species. A hybrid may quite often display Hybrid Vigor which is having measurably better characteristics than both of its parents. Hybrids are commonly sterile. In contrast, a cultivar is a plant that has been created or selected intentionally because of its traits by humans and has maintained its uniquiness by human cultivation. A Cultivar may be a hybrid or it may not.( American Heritage Science Dictionary) A cultivated species is a plant found only under human cultivation. (Raven et al, Biology of plants, pg. g-7) An example of a Cultivar is the Lombardi Poplar ( Populus nigra italica) which was hybridized for its upward pointed branches and fast growth.( Crystal Reference Encyclopedia) Hybrids are sometimes found in the wild, a cultivar is a not, unless it is planted there by humans. An example of a hybrid is a Platanus x acerifolia The London Plane Tree which is a fully fertile hybrid.(Encyclopedia Britanica Online) It could be argued that this tree would not have come to be without human cultivation, but there is other hybrids that occur in the wild. A cultivar is plant species that has been selectively bred by humans.
Ref: American Heritage Science Dictionary. 2007 (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/hybrid)
Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 2007 (http://www.britanicca.com/article/londonplane)
Crystal Reference Encyclopedia (http://www.reference.com/search?q=lombardy%20poplar)
Introduced tree/Naturalized tree (AarenS) A naturalized tree is an introduced species that has become common and established itself as though wild, reproducing naturally and spreading. (http://www.americanforests.org/resources/bigtrees/faq.php) An introduced tree is a tree brought from a different area and grows, but does not reproduce or spread as a population in its habitat. (Biology of Plants, 7th edition) A naturalized tree and a introduced tree are similar in that they are both brought in to a habitat where they are not considered part of the native species. They differ because a naturalized tree can reproduce and increase in population, whereas an introduced tree will not reproduce or expand into other areas.
Kingdom/Division: Kingdom is the taxonomic category which has five parts, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia, Protista. (Biology seventh edition Pg. 497) Kingdom, is below the group Domain and above the group Division. The Division known as also known as the phylum, each kingdom (ex. animalia, plantae) has many phylums with in it. The division is a smaller group than a kingdom but there are more of them. The division is above the group Class.(Biology of Plants seventh edition Pg. 221) –Nick N
Plantae/Animalia: These two kingdoms both consist of multicellular eukaryotes, but members of the kingdom Plantae are autotrophic and members of the kingdom Animalia are heterotrophic (Capmbell Reece, 7th Ed.). Plants are always stationary and are able obtain energy in one spot, while animals are motile and must move in order to find food. Aswell, most plants are terrestrial (trees, grasses) and most animals are aquatic (whales) (The Canadian Encyclopedia).
On a cellular level: Plants: cell wall, chloroplasts, large central vacuole
Animals: no cell wall, no chloroplasts, no large central vacuole ~Quinn
Enhancement
This picture represents the kingdoms. Here we have the Plantae, animlia and fungi having the same cells. This represents the similarities of plantae and animalia. NOT THE DIFFRENCES (http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/kingdoms.gif ) Dustie
Morphological/ Biological Species Concept:Morphological species are recognized by their anatomical (structural) criteria and the fact that they can interbreed with other species to produce fertile offspring. Biological species are recognized primarily by genetics and the fact that they cannot interbreed with other species – gentic isolation (Raven, pg. 207). For example, humans are capable of interbreeding, but they are separate and cannot interbreed with chimpanzees – so they remain different species, where as trees can (Campbell Reece, 7th Ed). Plants are identified primarily under the morphological species concept since it would be very difficult to follow their gene flow. ~Quinn Enhancement
Order/Family Order is a category of classification between the rank of class and family; classes contain one or more orders, and orders in turn are composed of one of more families. (Biology of Plants, 7th edition, Raven, Pg G-16) Family is a taxonomic group between order and genus in rank; the ending of a family names in animals and heterotrophic protistas is –idea; in and all other organisms is –aceae. A family contains one or more genera, and each family belongs to an order. (Biology of Plants, 7th edition, Raven, Pg G-8) Order and Family are both apart of the binomial nomenclature, the process of grouping and assigning names to individual things. Nicole L
Kingdon fungi/Kindgom Plantae:
Kindgom Fungi includes Eurkaryotic multicellular absorbers(thought there are very few unicellular fungi, e.g Yeast). Memebers of this kindgom are non-motile that lack photosynthetic organs and plastids.Can reproduce sexually or asexually. They absorb their nutrients using powerful enzymes which break down materials into nurtients for the fungi from organisms that may be dead or living. This kingdom used to be lumped in with the kingdom plantae but with new technology the comparison of rRNA sequences indicates fungi are more closely related to animals then they are to plants. Kingdom Plantae includes Eukaryotic multicellular photosynthesizers. Plant cells contain vacuoles and have cell walls made of cellulose. The main way of getting nutrition for a plant is Photosynthesizing, though few plants have become heterotrophic. Reproduction is primarily sexual with cycles of alternating haploid/diploid generations (Biology of Plants P. 231-233)
Some similarities between the two kingdoms are they both contain Eukaryotic cells, and it is very common for plants and fungi to work together in a symbiotic relashionship. Lots of string like fungi in a plants roots pass on nutrients from the plant to the fungi, and from the fungi to the plant. (http://www.naturegrid.org.uk/biodiversity/crypfungi.html#import) VanessaV
Scientific Name vs Scientific epithet: A scientific name is the latin name given to an organism used in taxomony. It is a universal two-part scientific name consisting of a genus and species. This system of naming is also refered to as binomial nomenclature. Scientific names are established using a standard set of international rules. All scientific names are published in a location open for pubic review. The importance of this naming system is that it allows all individuals throughout the world to recognize a species. and have full access for critical review. Each scientific name is unique, often using descriptive terms to give insight into species behavior and/or preferred habitat and location. It is written underlined or italized.
The species name is found following the genus in a scientific name. The species is also referred to as the scientific epithet. Therefore, the scientific epithet is the second part of the two-part taxonomic naming system. It is a latin noun or adjective applied to describe an actual or attributed quality.
References:
Species/Subspecies: (Mallory Hazell) A species is the original organism that is able to interbreed with members of its own kind. Where as a subspecies is a variation of the original species that can no longer breed with members of its own kind. This is due to events such as genetic isolation, where a population of species is isolated from another population of the same species and over time become so different they can no longer interbreed. The original species and its subspecies usually share common features. However, all the members of a subspecies will have shared traits not present in other subspecies of the original species. (Biology of Plants. Raven. pg. 207.)
Species/Subspecies: A species is a group whose members possess similar anatomical characteristics and have the ability to interbreed, and have the same binomial name. (Campbell Reece, 7th Edition) Whereas a subspecies, sometimes called variety, is the taxonomic division of a species. (Raven, G-22) An organism that is classified as a subspecies of a species has a three part name, the first two words are the species name, and the third is the subspecies, or variety. For example, the peach tree is Prunus persica var. persica, but the nectarine is Prunus persica var. nectarina. (Raven, pg. 221) An organism classified as a subspecies still belongs to the species, but has just been further classified.
Amanda M
Species/Hybrids: (Jackie Taylor)
Species: A kind of organism; species are designated by binomial names written in italics; taxonomic group whose members can interbreed
Hybrids: Are the offspring of two parents that differ in one or more heritable characteristics; offspring of two different varieties or of two different species; Offspring produced from mating plants or animals from different species, varieties, or genotypes.
References
http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=species
http://www.amfar.org/cgi-bin/iowa/bridge.html?page=H
Biology of Plants, 7th edition, Peter H. Raven, Glossary pg. G-11 & G-22
Subspecies/variant
Subspecies are a morphologically distinct subdivision of a species, especially one geographically or ecologically isolated from other such subdivisions (Oxford English Dictionary). Varieties are used as equivalent to subspecies by some botanists, or subspecies may be divided into varieties. Subspecies is indicated by the abbreviation ssp.; ie. Populus balsamifera ssp. Trichocarpa. Where as variety is indicated by the abbreviation var.; ie Pinus contorta var. contorta. (Biology of Plants, Raven pg. 221).
Specific Epithet/Genus Specific epithet is the second part of a species name (Biology of plants, 7th edition, Raven, Pg G-22) The uncapitalized Latin adjective or noun that follows a capitalized genus name in binomial nomenclature and serves to distinguish a species from others in the same genus, as saccharum in Acer saccharum (sugar maple). (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/specific epithet) Genus is the taxonomic group between family and species in rank; genera include one or more species. (Biology of Plants, 7th edition, Raven, Pg G-10) A taxonomic category ranking below a family and above a species and generally consisting of a group of species exhibiting similar characteristics. In taxonomic nomenclature the genus name is used, either alone or followed by a Latin adjective or epithet, to form the name of a species. (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Genus) Specific epithet and Genus are both apart of the binomial nomenclature, of grouping and assigning names to individual things. Nicole L
Taxon/Taxonomy: Taxonomy is the ordered division of organisms into categories based on a set of characteristics used to assess similarities and differences. (Campbell Reece, 7th Edition, pg. 495) Whereas a taxon is just the general term used for any one of the taxonomic categories, such as species, class, order, phylum, etc. (Raven, G-23) In overview, taxonomy is the organization of organisms into different categories, and a taxon is the name that can be used to refer to any and all of these categories.
Amanda M
Kingdon fungi/Kindgom Plantae:
Kindgom Fungi includes Eurkaryotic multicellular absorbers(thought there are very few unicellular fungi, e.g Yeast). Memebers of this kindgom are non-motile that lack photosynthetic organs and plastids.Can reproduce sexually or asexually. They absorb their nutrients using powerful enzymes which break down materials into nurtients for the fungi from organisms that may be dead or living. This kingdom used to be lumped in with the kingdom plantae but with new technology the comparison of rRNA sequences indicates fungi are more closely related to animals then they are to plants. Kingdom Plantae includes Eukaryotic multicellular photosynthesizers. Plant cells contain vacuoles and have cell walls made of cellulose. The main way of getting nutrition for a plant is Photosynthesizing, though few plants have become heterotrophic. Reproduction is primarily sexual with cycles of alternating haploid/diploid generations (Biology of Plants P. 231-233)
Some similarities between the two kingdoms are they both contain Eukaryotic cells, and it is very common for plants and fungi to work together in a symbiotic relashionship. Lots of string like fungi in a plants roots pass on nutrients from the plant to the fungi, and from the fungi to the plant. (http://www.naturegrid.org.uk/biodiversity/crypfungi.html#import) VanessaV
Scientific Name vs Scientific epithet: A scientific name is the latin name given to an organism used in taxomony. It is a universal two-part scientific name consisting of a genus and species. This system of naming is also refered to as binomial nomenclature. Scientific names are established using a standard set of international rules. All scientific names are published in a location open for pubic review. The importance of this naming system is that it allows all individuals throughout the world to recognize a species. and have full access for critical review. Each scientific name is unique, often using descriptive terms to give insight into species behavior and/or preferred habitat and location. It is written underlined or italized.
The species name is found following the genus in a scientific name. The species is also referred to as the scientific epithet. Therefore, the scientific epithet is the second part of the two-part taxonomic naming system. It is a latin noun or adjective applied to describe an actual or attributed quality.
References:
- University of Michigan Museum of Zoology Animal Diversity Website (http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu)
- Webster's New Millennium™ Dictionary of English, Preview Edition (v 0.9.7)
Copyright © 2003-2007 Lexico Publishing Group, LLC - Merriam- Webster Online (http://www.m-w.com/dictionary)
Species/Subspecies: (Mallory Hazell) A species is the original organism that is able to interbreed with members of its own kind. Where as a subspecies is a variation of the original species that can no longer breed with members of its own kind. This is due to events such as genetic isolation, where a population of species is isolated from another population of the same species and over time become so different they can no longer interbreed. The original species and its subspecies usually share common features. However, all the members of a subspecies will have shared traits not present in other subspecies of the original species. (Biology of Plants. Raven. pg. 207.)
Species/Subspecies: A species is a group whose members possess similar anatomical characteristics and have the ability to interbreed, and have the same binomial name. (Campbell Reece, 7th Edition) Whereas a subspecies, sometimes called variety, is the taxonomic division of a species. (Raven, G-22) An organism that is classified as a subspecies of a species has a three part name, the first two words are the species name, and the third is the subspecies, or variety. For example, the peach tree is Prunus persica var. persica, but the nectarine is Prunus persica var. nectarina. (Raven, pg. 221) An organism classified as a subspecies still belongs to the species, but has just been further classified.
Amanda M
Species/Hybrids: (Jackie Taylor)
Species: A kind of organism; species are designated by binomial names written in italics; taxonomic group whose members can interbreed
Hybrids: Are the offspring of two parents that differ in one or more heritable characteristics; offspring of two different varieties or of two different species; Offspring produced from mating plants or animals from different species, varieties, or genotypes.
References
http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=species
http://www.amfar.org/cgi-bin/iowa/bridge.html?page=H
Biology of Plants, 7th edition, Peter H. Raven, Glossary pg. G-11 & G-22
Subspecies/variant
Subspecies are a morphologically distinct subdivision of a species, especially one geographically or ecologically isolated from other such subdivisions (Oxford English Dictionary). Varieties are used as equivalent to subspecies by some botanists, or subspecies may be divided into varieties. Subspecies is indicated by the abbreviation ssp.; ie. Populus balsamifera ssp. Trichocarpa. Where as variety is indicated by the abbreviation var.; ie Pinus contorta var. contorta. (Biology of Plants, Raven pg. 221).
Specific Epithet/Genus Specific epithet is the second part of a species name (Biology of plants, 7th edition, Raven, Pg G-22) The uncapitalized Latin adjective or noun that follows a capitalized genus name in binomial nomenclature and serves to distinguish a species from others in the same genus, as saccharum in Acer saccharum (sugar maple). (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/specific epithet) Genus is the taxonomic group between family and species in rank; genera include one or more species. (Biology of Plants, 7th edition, Raven, Pg G-10) A taxonomic category ranking below a family and above a species and generally consisting of a group of species exhibiting similar characteristics. In taxonomic nomenclature the genus name is used, either alone or followed by a Latin adjective or epithet, to form the name of a species. (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Genus) Specific epithet and Genus are both apart of the binomial nomenclature, of grouping and assigning names to individual things. Nicole L
Taxon/Taxonomy: Taxonomy is the ordered division of organisms into categories based on a set of characteristics used to assess similarities and differences. (Campbell Reece, 7th Edition, pg. 495) Whereas a taxon is just the general term used for any one of the taxonomic categories, such as species, class, order, phylum, etc. (Raven, G-23) In overview, taxonomy is the organization of organisms into different categories, and a taxon is the name that can be used to refer to any and all of these categories.
Amanda M
Taxonomy and Nomenclature: Taxonomy is the process in which organisms are categorized into different groups. ex. where one
would be placed which, Domain, Kingdom, Division, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species. It is the science of identifying, classifying, and naming an organism.(Biology Seventh edition Pg. 439) Nomenclature is the art and process of naming the organism. It is usually a Latin name, with a common suffix in each group. The name in the group Order, they all end in the suffix ales, (Ex.. argaicales). (Biology of Plants seventh edition Pg. 219)-Nick N
Type Specimen/ Type Locality:Both a type specimen and type locality are involved in identifying a new species. A type specimen is the dried plant that is kept in a herbarium and is the basis for comparing specimens to figure out if they are separate species or not (Raven, pg. 221). Type locality is the location and description of the ecosystem where the type specimen was found in the world (“Type Specimens”, San Diego Natural History Museum). According to the ICBN, to have a valid publication both of these aspects are required. This information gives scientists something to work with, and incase something happened to the type specimen, the type locality would make it possible to replace it.~Quinn
Eukaryotic/Prokaryotic: Prokaryotic and eukaryotic are what distinctly define two groups of organisms. The suffixes come from the Greek word karyon which means "kernel." Prokaryote means "before a nucleus" while eukaryote means "with a true nucleus" (Raven pg. 37). A prokaryotic cell is a cell which lacks a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. This is unlike a eukaryotic cell which has a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms that have eukaryotic cells such as plants, protists, and fungi are known as eukaryotes while organisms with prokaryotic cells such as archaea and bacteria are called prokaryotes. (Campbell Reece, 7th Ed.). -- John
Enhancement: (Jessica Wrench) This is a photo of a typical eukaryotic cell. Note the prominent purple section on the left hand side of the diagram which represents the nucleus. The presence of the nucleus is extremely important because eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles.
Photo from: http://facstaff.uww.edu/wentzl/plantcell700.jpg
Enhancement Continued: (Jessica Wrench) This is a photo of a typical prokaryotic cell. Note the lack of nucleus and membrane bound organelles.
Photo from: http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/media/prokaryote.gif
Eukaryotic / Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic cell – a cell type with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells such as: protists, plants, fungi and animals are all called eukaryotes (Campbell & Reece, Biology 7th ed. Glossary) Prokaryotic cell - a cell type lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells sich as bacteria and archaea are called prokaryotes. Eukaryotic cells are subdivided by internal membranes into various membrane-enclosed organelles. In most eukaryotes the largest organelle is the nucleus which contains the DNA for the cell and all the other organelles are located in the cytoplasm, which is the region between the nucleus and the outer membrane of the cell (Campbell & Reece, Biology 7th ed. Pg 8). They have nuclear envelopes, complex chromosomes and organelles such as the mitochondria for respiration and chloroplasts for photosynthesis, which are all surrounded by membranes. Prokaryotic cells do not have their DNA separated from the rest of the cell by an enclosure in the membrane-bound nucleus (Campbell & Reece, Biology 7th ed, pg 8). They lack a genetic envelope and do not have heir genetic material organized into complex chromosomes (Raven, Biology of Plants, pg 4). Stephanie Lauer
The difference between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells is easily seen in this diagram.
http://www.cod.edu/people/faculty/fancher/ProkEuk.htm
StephL
Valid publication/Effective publication: Both of these terms are rules in the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. Valid publication is when the name given to a new species is correct in its description. For example when Douglas fir was first named Picea taxifolia, that was not valid publication because the Douglas fir is not a spruce. Effective publication refers to where the new name is set into place. It needs to be published in a recognized, peer reviewed scientific journal. (http://www.bgbm.org/iapt/nomenclature/code/saintlouis/0010Ch2Sec1a006.htm) -Morgan Traverse
Cultivar/Naturalized tree: A cultivar and a naturalized tree are both introduced species. This means that neither of these species occurs naturally in the ecosystem in which it is growing. The difference between the two is that a cultivar cannot grow without cultivation, while a naturalized tree can grow unassisted in a natural setting. (http://www.plant-materials.nrcs.usda.gov/pubs/kspmcnl4989.pdf) This can have negative implications and create invading, noxious species taking over native species. An example of a naturalized tree that is beginning to cause problems in the west Kootenays is the black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) which is taking over riparian areas. (J. Craig-Cental Kootenay Invasive Plant Committee. Personal conversation. July 2006) - Morgan Traverse
Domain/Kingdom (Dennis Murengi) Domain: The taxonomic category above the kingdom level; the three domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. (Biology of Plants 7th Edition G-7) Kingdom: One of the seven chief taxonomic categories; for example, Fungi or Planatae. (Biology of Plants 7th Edition G-12) Domain and kingdom are similar in that they are both taxonomic categories of organisms. However, they differ in their taxonomic level and in what they classify. Domain is the taxonomic level above the kingdom category. (Biology of Plants 7th Edition pg 228) In addition this taxonomic category is based on distinct lineages of life through which organisms have been evolving independently of each other. (http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Domain) On the other hand the taxonomic level; kingdom is immediately below the domain and bases its classification on the most basic relationships between organisms. (Biology-online.org)
Prokaryotic/Eukaryotic (Russ Fountain)
In the world of cells, there are two major groups: the prokaryotes and the eukaryotes. They are very similar in that they contain many of the same parts. However, there are a few major differences between them. Eukaryotes contain membrane-bound nuclei and other organelles, while prokaryotes lack this membrane-bound nucleus. Prokaryotes are classified in two kingdoms separate from the eukaryotes. Eukaryotes are the type of cells that make up plants and one celled organisms, but not animals. The reason that they have a membrane-bound nucleus is because they have to carry out all the processes of life, which is untrue in prokaryotes. Prokaryotes rely on many cells working together to function. While eukaryotes are radically different from one another, they do have three general parts that allow them to carry out these processes of life. These are the cell membrane, the nucleus, and other organelles. The organelles are very important to the cells functioning. (Essortment. “Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes” http://ks.essortment.com/prokaryoteseuka_rgbo.htm)
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